Parasagittal Meningioma Essay Example

Parasagittal Meningioma Paper Nursing Management 1 PARASAGITTAL MENINGIOMA Nursing the executives of a patient with Parasagittal Meningioma Nursing Management 2 Nursing the board of patient with PARASAGITTAL MENINGIOMA P. An a 41 years of age male was brought to the emergency clinic because of the main objection of migraine and dazedness. During the meeting, the patient expressed that 2 days preceding affirmation, he was having an extreme cerebral pain related with obscuring of vision and wooziness. He took paracetamol which gave impermanent help with no discussion done. He was provoked to look for clinical consideration on March 23, 2011 because of persevering cerebral pain. He experienced MRI filter and uncovered that the left piece of his cerebrum have a tumor that can lead him to be determined to have different signs and side effects of having a Parasagittal Meningioma. As per Dienpenbrock (2004), Meningiomas are moderate developing and frequently happen in moderately aged grown-ups. The standard treatment is medical procedure with the total expulsion or incomplete dismemberment. Nursing the board should concentrate on the treatment and forestalling the impact of expanded intracranial weight or ICP by shut observing crucial signs, and engine capacities ought to likewise be checked on the grounds that particular engine shortages may happen contingent upon the tumor’s area. Pathophysiology Parasagittal meningiomas structure close the falx, a depression that runs along the cerebrum fromfront to back, as indicated by clinical specialists at the Brigham and Womens Hospital. Meningiomas may happen intracranially or inside the spinal waterway. They are thought to emerge from arachnoidal top cells, which dwell in the arachnoid layer covering the outside of the cerebrum. Meningiomas regularly are found at the outside of the mind, either over the convexity or at the skull base. In uncommon cases, meningiomas happen in an intraventricular or intraosseous area. The issue of arranging meningioma is that arachnoidal cells may communicate both mesenchymal and epithelial attributes. Other mesodermal structures likewise may offer ascent to comparative tumors (eg, hemangiopericytomas or sarcomas). The order of these tumors together is dubious. Nursing Management 3 The current pattern is to isolate unequivocal meningiomas from different less all around characterized neoplasms. Without a doubt, propels in sub-atomic science will permit researchers to decide the specific genomic deviation liable for every particular neoplasm. We will compose a custom article test on Parasagittal Meningioma explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Parasagittal Meningioma explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Parasagittal Meningioma explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Parasagittal meningioma causes indications like: Headache that is because of the expansion the ordinary weight levels inside the mind. The seriousness of migraine torment can extend from gentle to extreme and can confine inside any locale of the head. Leg shortcoming can likewise happen. Normally, a meningioma that structures on the left half of the falx causes right leg shortcoming, while a meningioma that structures on the correct side of the falx causes left leg shortcoming, clarify clinical specialists with the Merck Manual. In specific cases, impressions of shortcoming can influence the two legs and can encounter trouble standing or strolling ordinarily. Vision Problems is likewise present in light of expanded weight inside the mind it can influence the optic or eye nerve. In the event that the optic nerve is harmed or squeezed, the person in question can create vision issues as a side effect of this condition, report wellbeing specialists with the Mayfield Clinic. Influenced individuals can encounter obscured or shady vision, which may add to cerebral pain indications or vibes of unsteadiness. Subjective brokenness or Personality Changes may influence individuals as expressed by experts with the Brain Science Foundation. An individual who is typically peaceful or saved can out of nowhere become chatty and friendly. On the other hand, social individuals may show up unexpectedly pulled back or discouraged. A portion of these are signs and side effects showed by P. A. that can lead him to be analyzed to have Parasagittal meningioma. Nursing Management 4 History P. A. , a 41 years of age male was whining of cerebral pain and a few scenes of tipsiness. He was conceded and analyzed to have Parasagital Meningioma. As per him, it was his third an ideal opportunity to be hospitalized. He expressed that he had no past disease, medical procedures and prescription treatment. The patient doesn't have any history of any sicknesses, for example, hypertension, diabetes ellitus, coronary illness and lung malady. He is having a sensitivity with fish and doesn’t have any hypersensitivities to drugs. He’s maintaining a strategic distance from to eat pork in view of his religion Islam. Nursing Physical Assessment P. An is cognizant alarm and intelligible. The patient fundamental signs were as per the following: internal heat level 37. 5 degree Celsius, beat rate 81bpm, circulatory strain 120/70 mmHg, respiratory rate 17cpm. The customer voice was delicate and talks really moderate. He seemed, by all accounts, to be crippled. We got some information about his sentiments. He was very passionate about his circumstance. He is having cerebral pain and furthermore expressed the he was encountering torment at the degree of 8. This was connected from the medical procedure he had which can likewise cause him increment intracranial weight. The patient had a noticeable bend to his left side parietal head. What's more, that was from the ongoing medical procedure he had. The patient can't move his correct arm, most likely because of the left influenced piece of the mind that would cause not many or complex handicap on his correct half of the globe. The patient’s lower furthest points especially his legs are very thin and powerless. He couldn't walk and as of now utilizing a wheelchair and help from his kin. He had some injury marks and furthermore has a few shot blemishes on his upper and lower right leg. He seemed to have some shortcoming. The patient didn't have any intravenous line, and he is at present wearing eyeglasses because of his vision issues which were brought about by his cerebrum condition. He said that the agony was continued for a few days. Nursing Management 5 Related Treatments According to Mayfield facility a parasagittal meningioma can build the typical weight levels inside the cerebrum. This weight rise can cause migraine side effects in individuals with this condition. Urge the patient to verbalize his emotions. Observing of patient’s torment is significant along with sufficient bed rest and legitimate medication consistence to calm cerebral pain, drugs: (Celecoxib) TID. Something else is that, a meningioma that structures on the left half of the falx causes right leg shortcoming, while a meningioma that structures on the correct side of the falx causes left leg shortcoming, clarify clinical specialists with the Merck Manual. Consequently security is the need for the patient, legitimate help, scope of movement work out, exercise based recuperation, sufficient sustenance and medication consistence, Rest between exercises gives time to vitality protection and recuperation. On the off chance that the optic nerve is harmed or squeezed, individuals with a parasagittal meningioma can create vision issues as an indication of this condition, report wellbeing specialists with the Mayfield Clinic. Therefore, wearing eyeglasses will assist with improving the patient’s visual issues identified with his condition. Parasagittal meningiomas that create close to the front segment of the falx can prompt noteworthy cerebrum brokenness in influenced individuals, caution clinical experts with the Brain Science Foundation. Individuals with this condition can encounter bizarre memory misfortune or can experience issues with sensible dynamic, drugs: (Nurocer. , Adjunct in the treatment of myoclonus of cortical starting point; dementia ; different disarranges/states w/c incorporate liquor addiction, vertigo, cerebrovascular mishaps, conduct issue. Depakote, valproates 5-15 mg/kg/day), for this circumstance understanding the patient’s circumstance with appropriate medication consistence to treat these side effects, and an attendant patient relationship is likewise a significant autonomous restorative methodology for this. Must organized security and intently checking the patient indications is an absolute necessity to guarantee that the patient is reacting great to the medicines. Nursing Management 6 Nursing Care Plan Based on what Hickey (2003) have stated, one of the inconvenience that might be forestalled is migraine. So P. A’s nursing analysis is constant agony identified with cerebrum injury as prove by verbal reports, guarding conduct and restricted scope of movement. A portion of the evaluation that recommends that the patient was having interminable torment was confusion, expanding touchiness and facial frowning when palpitated. His indispensable signs were as per the following: internal heat level 37. 5 degree Celsius, beat rate 81bpm, pulse 120/70 mmHg, respiratory rate. The objective is to mitigate the agony from torment size of 8 to 3 and to diminish the facial frowning. The nursing intercessions for P. A’s nursing analysis were as per the following: First is to build up compatibility to pick up the patient’s trust. Next is to perform far reaching appraisal of agony (area, term, beginning, force). These evaluate the agony felt by the patient. Next is to evaluate indispensable signs, taking note of hypertension, quick heartbeat and increment in internal heat level. Physical signs and objections related with constant torment ought to likewise be noted. Regulate meds as requested by the doctor. Give tolerant wellbeing showing, for example, having a bed rest and urged to remain on non-animating condition to diminish or reduce the agony that triggers him. During the nursing intercessions the patient is responsive and attempted his absolute best to assist him with feeling increasingly good. Nursing Management 7 Recommendations In request for P. A to proceed with his recuperation and improve his condition of prosperity, he should hold fast to all the requests made by his doctor. He should likewise figure out how to

Power Relations in Melville’s The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Force Relations in Melville’s The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States proclaimed the happening to the â€Å"new mechanical order.† With the coming of railways, industrialization went into full swing. Processing plants and factories showed up and increased, and the push for monetary advancement turned into the great account of the nation. All things considered, there was a cognizant exertion to keep away from the rottenness and destitution so pervasive in European production line towns. In particular, the town of Lowell, Massachusetts, was held up as a praiseworthy model of modern ideal world. The factory town included excellent finishing and quarters for the ladies laborers. For sure, it looked a lot of like a college grounds (Klein 231). By the by, this glorified vision in the end offered path to the truth of human insatiability. The female assembly line laborers worked extended periods for little compensation as their wellbeing disintegrated from the dangerous conditions (238). (In particular, C arson’s Mill in Dalton, Massachusetts, filled in as the model for Melville’s short story [Melville 2437].) along these lines, industrialization (and the resulting want for monetary riches) got contrary with vote based standards. Initially, the overall awareness was that industrialization would assist majority rule government and the two would turn into a complimentary pair. In any case, the truth was that these cultural changes brought monetary divisions; the limits were drawn all the more unmistakably between the advantaged class and the regular workers. Industrialization at last outcomes in the division of the classes and the ensuing rationalistic strain of creation and utilization. This dualistic partition is made conceivable through the machine, the necessary component that concretes the inconsistent appropriation of intensity. In his ethical diptych, Melville addresses industrialization by investigating these class divisions and the force relations inside them. At last, he reasons that it brings about an exploitative framework that flourishes with both association and segregation. In spite of the fact that the two circles are genuinely and sincerely isolated, they rely upon one another for their continuation. Melville’s â€Å"The Paradise of Bachelors and the Tartarus of Maids† expertly shows this interrelationship between the proprietors of the methods for creation (the single guys) and the laborers (the house cleaners), and how it at last outcomes in the persecution of the laborers. The initial segment of the story delineates the incomprehensible existence of the mechanical class; they are ravenous buyers but then experience a vacant presence. This well off class is spoken to as lone wolf attorneys.

GoDaddy Website Builder Review Plans, Pricing More!

GoDaddy Website Builder Review Plans, Pricing More! .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on February 24, 2020You’ve certainly heard of GoDaddy. Their advertising campaign usually centers around outlandish, and often risqué, Super Bowl commercials. In fact, most of the commercials barely mention that GoDaddy is even a web hosting company.Let’s face it: Writing a GoDaddy review without mentioning the GoDaddy ads is basically impossible. So is there a quality web builder and host underneath all their marketing efforts? Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert I don’t like to rely on someone else’s GoDaddy website builder review. Instead, I want to check out a company for myself. So I used their services to build and then host a site for 12 months.I have no reason whatsoever to sell GoDaddy to you. After all, I’ve already paid for a ye ar’s worth of service. Here’s my complete, 100% honest review based on my personal experience with the GoDaddy web hosting service.Our #1 web hosting pick:Get top rated hosting for as little as$2.64 per Month Claim your discount now! GoDaddy reviews: pros consGoDaddy is hugeProsConsConclusionThe big picture review of GoDaddy Join the FREE TrainingDo You Want To Learn How To Build 6 Figures Authority Sites?Join This Free Training To...Finally have a proven method to finding profitable nichesGet access to a foolproof keyword research methodLearn how to outsource quality contentLearn how to build white hat links to your site without headaches At the same time, GoDaddy has very little e-commerce and mobile support. You also can’t export your site from GoDaddy to another host. Plus, while their design options are easy to implement, your website runs the risk of looking a lot like many other GoDaddy-created sites out there.What does GoDaddy offer?If you’ve been searching fo r info on GoDaddy, you might have noticed something a bit confusing: GoDaddy web hosting reviews and GoDaddy website builder reviews are both found online.This is because GoDaddy offers both website creation and hosting. You can start with nothing and end up with a full-functioning website.They offer three levels of website building services:Personal $5.99Business $9.99Business Plus $9.99 Get hosting for only $2.64/month here! Annual plans are also available where you can save by making a longer commitment up-front.Everyone who signs up for a website building plan gets hosting for no extra cost. You also get access to their entire customer support network, which is pretty extensive.GoDaddy doesn’t offer free trials. But if you sign up for an annual plan, you get 45 days where you’re eligible for a no-hassle refund. If you sign up for a monthly plan, you get a 48-hour refund window.Here’s a video from GoDaddy covering the basics of how to make a site, including some examp les of what the final product is like: GoDaddy reviews: pros ve got a deal for youOur #1 web hosting pick:Get top rated hosting for as little as$2.64 per Month Claim your discount now! Save

The War Of 1812 During The United States - 1308 Words

A war time economy in the United States has proven to be a way to bring the people of America together, boost the economy, and inspire nationalism. The War of 1812 did much to follow this trend. By shutting off trade with Great Britain for a few years, United States manufacturers were able to establish their industries and develop a dependency from the people of America. In these ways, the War of 1812 helped create a scenario that allowed the United States to proliferate following the war. The United States grew following War of 1812 due to innovations in transportation, the role of the federal government, and industrialization in the developing market. The United States was able to grow following the War of 1812 due to innovations in†¦show more content†¦Novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote that Its water (served as a miraculous) fertilizer, (for) it causes towns with their masses of brick and stone, their churches and theatres, their business...to spring up. In its financing by the state government, the Erie Canal epitomized the developing transportation infrastructure. The vast expanse of the Erie Canal created a network that linked the Atlantic states with the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys that drastically reduced the cost of transportation. While canals connected waterways, the railroad opened vast new areas of the American interior to settlement, while stimulating the mining of coal for fuel and the manufacture of iron for locomotives and rails. By 1860, the railroad network had grown to 30,000 miles, a total more than the rest of the world s railroads combined. The United States was able to grow following the War of 181 2 due to innovations in transportation which allowed for cheaper, faster, and more efficient trading of goods within the United States. The United States grew following the War of 1812 due to the role of the federal government. The political economy began to shift from a disparity of wealth majority into a democratized style of government. This put more power in the hands of the majority of people by more people having the opportunity to be involved in the government. This is an example of how America grew due to the role of the federal government because the democratization ofShow MoreRelatedUnited States Military Veterans During The War Of 18121112 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States Military Veterans Veterans are important because they have given us our freedom from tyrants for the past 237 years. Vets fought against the oppressors from of England during the War of Independence and the War of 1812. They continue to fight today! The estimated amount of casualties from the War of Independence was around 50,000! That means over 50,000 people died to stop England’s tyranny, in just one of two wars! In attacking Americans in the War of 1812, England sent ten timesRead MoreThe War of 1812: A Report702 Words   |  3 PagesThe War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States, who had only achieved independence from their British oppressors less than 40 years before, and the British Empire, including Canada. The conflict between the United States and the British Empire lasted approximately two years and eight months. There are many factors that led to the United States declaring war on the British Empire including trade restrictions that were put in place because of the conflict between the BritishRead MoreA Short Note On The War Of 18121368 Words   |  6 Pages18 April 2016 War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a battle fought between the United States and Great Britain, along with help from Canada and the Native Americans, from June 18, 1812 to February 18, 1815. 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The Americans also complained of dealing with British ships in American waters. The Americans were angry of the seizure of the American sailors to join the Royal Navy. Madison believedRead MoreLeading The War of 1812: Sir Isaac Brock and Tecumseh Essay example1621 Words   |  7 Pagesand largely affected the War of 1812 and changed the future of North America. Tecumseh, the Shawnee war chief, James Madison, the United States President, and Sir Isaac Brock, the British commander of Canada, all had dreams for the future, and the War of 1812 would determine which of these would come true. Tecumseh wanted to preserve the land for his people and get the white men out of the Shawneeâ₠¬â„¢s lives. James Madison wanted the land in order to grow the United States, and be able to offer AmericansRead MoreCauses and Effects of the War of 18121527 Words   |  7 PagesCauses and Effects of The War of 1812 The nineteenth century brought major change to The United States turning it from a developing country into a world power. The addition of Alaska, Oregon, Texas, and Florida, the Mexican Cession and The Louisiana Purchase made The United States a world power. The War of 1812 catalyzed this great expansion. There were four main concerns that led to The War of 1812. Maritime and trade issues, the Embargo Act, territorial expansion, and War Hawks. Although they wereRead MoreThe Second War Of Independence907 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary War. With the British infringing on their unalienable rights, the American colonist knew they needed to take action to stop the overpowering British monarchy to preserve their freedom. The same situation arose in 1803 when the British started seizing American ships and stealing their goods. By 1812 the United States was fed up with Great Britain and their rebellious acts towards them. The United States declared war on June 18, 1812. Why is it that t he American people consider the War of 1812Read MoreEssay about The War of 1812583 Words   |  3 PagesThe War of 1812 â€Å"In view of the wants and needs of an infant United States (1783-1812), the War of 1812 was extremely successful in its results.† The War of 1812 is significant to United States history in a number of ways. The War, and our not losing it, reaffirmed American Independence. Second, the war showed the Americans that a stronger military was needed. It strengthened our isolation by giving us courage. The war also served to improve our economy as it stimulated manufacturing. Finally

International Adoption Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Reason of Choosing International Adoption There are few reasons of choosing international adoption and that can be described now. The major reason is decline in the availability of the newborns in the United States. There are more than 50 countries to choose from for adoption such as Colombia, Kazakhastan, Liberia, Haiti, Ethiopia and others. According to the statisticians, 75% of the foreign children came from Russia, China, Ukraine, S. Korea and Guatemala (Astin & Et. Al., â€Å"International Adoption†). Statistics regarding International Adoption A list of top ten countries has been exhibited in a tabular format along with its number of adoption to the US. Name of the Country Number of Adoption to the US China 3001 Ethiopia 2277 Russia 1586 South Korea 1080 Guatemala 756 Ukraine 601 Vietnam 481 Haiti 330 India 297 Kazakhstan 295 (Legal Language Service, â€Å"The Top Most Popular Countries†). According to the factsheets of US, more than 10,000 international adoptions are being completed annually by Americans (Hassler, P. â€Å"Adopt International: Everything You Need to Know to Adopt a Child from Abroad†). The figure was around 20,000 per annum from the period of 2000 to 2008. In 2009, 12,753 families of US had adopted international children (Legal Language Service, â€Å"The Top Most Popular Countries†). It has been also found that men of 18-44 age groups are twice interested to adopt a child in comparison to the women of the same age group (CDC, â€Å"Highlights†). We will write a custom essay sample on International Adoption or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Cost of International Adoption Basically for international adoption certain extra costs have to be incurred by the adoptive parents. They need to travel to the country of origin of the child. Even they need to travel at least two times or have to stay there for a long duration and both are subject to high cost. After adoption, also the parents have to visit the native country of the children for maintaining cultures. Then agency cost also has to be borne by the parents. For international adoption training is required to understand the legal procedure and also for post adoption formalities and others. Even in certain cases, parents join the classes to learn the language of the sending country and to become familiar with the culture of that nation which is very essential for the parents to bring up the children. Medical cost of the adopted children should also be considered. Beside that, few other charges are also there to be considered, such as donation to the orphanage, foreign attorney legal and placement fees, escort charges and other charges.

The Problem Of Human Trafficking - 1439 Words

Though it may be receiving more attention in recent years, it could be argued that the complete magnitude of human trafficking is still not fully comprehended. Professor of Epidemiology, Rezaeian Mohsen, has stated that, â€Å"The ultimate intention of human trafficking is to give illegitimate power to a human being in order to force another human being to be a subject of modern slavery i.e. prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, etc.† (Mohsen, 2016, p.36). This type of illegitimate power has the opportunity to thrive in a global economy where minimizing costs and maximizing profits is the ultimate goal. Globalization and regional integration have contributed to an environment in which human trafficking is not only the†¦show more content†¦Human trafficking would not be an issue if there was not a market for it, therefore, the attitude that it is considered acceptable amongst a portion of society to purchase and sell humans needs to be addressed and harshly penalized. The creating of a single international law or adopting other effective measures in order to promote the cooperation between nations in the punishment and dissuasion of human trafficking. This would allow for a swift application of harsh penalties towards the offender, with the intention of punishment outweighing any potential reward in the criminal mind. The implementation of more local programs that inform and educate the public on human trafficking as well as ensure that the victims of trafficking receive appropriate assistance and protection could also be very effective. An unforgiving stance on various enabling offences, such as corruption or the forgery and theft of official documents needs to be tackled as well. â€Å"This has an indirect preventive effect, since it causes important tools of the traffickers to be less usable or accessible. As a result, the entire criminal project becomes harder and – at least potentially – more expensive, so that it loses part of its attraction† (Van Impe, 2000, p.123). 3. Possible Directions to Achieve Desired Change (250-300 words) What is needed to achieve the vision of change and address the identified social problem? BrieflyShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthese problems. Taking a closer look at an ongoing issue highly prevalent in our world today, it is easy to see that other issues feed off it, and can contribute to the issue at hand. The issue I want to focus on is human trafficking. This type of criminalization is often one that is overlooked, most people believing that it is some sort of â€Å"myth,† or that this type of action happens to very few, and is only part of developing countries. However, the truth of the matter is that human trafficking occursRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1328 Words   |  6 Pagestaken from their homes and put into human trafficking. Every individual is supposed to be given the opportunity to a long and happy life but, with human trafficking standing in the way, millions of people are subjected to illnesses, diseases, and unhappiness. Human trafficking has taken over the lives of many, especially in Ban gladesh. A country that is subjected to filth, poverty, and sex trafficking. Bangladesh is one of the top countries for human trafficking. The people of Bangladesh are in needRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesWhen it comes to the topic human trafficking, mostly everyone knows that it has a lot of history to its name. According to ben skinner, â€Å" there are more slaves in the world today then ever before†(E. Benjamin pg. xi). There have been many incidents and cases with human trafficking such as, sex trade, smuggling, violence, etc. Today, one can show how real is Human Trafficking. This paper details the big enigma exist todays date, that Human Trafficking is real. Trafficking can happen in almost everyRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1080 Words   |  5 Pagesinevitable. The thought of writing my essay was frightening enough but deciding on a topic and searching for sources was a completely different story. After a few sleeples s nights, I finally decided on my topic, human trafficking. I chose this topic because I believe human trafficking is a problem not only in America but worldwide and needs to be taken seriously. My strong dislike for research papers is not something to hide but I am hoping for the best for this essay and the class. As I began researchingRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking883 Words   |  4 Pagesinterest in ending human trafficking, a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, has been slow and selective. The inner reason for the poor success is the prevailing conception of the problem. 2. This paper argues that the limited success in fighting human trafficking is to a large extent the result of framing the existing debate of human trafficking as predominantly a matter of prevention and protection rather than addressing the global market conditions within which human trafficking thrives . UnlikeRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction- A million of women children are trafficking worldwide every year it is problem of developed and developing and under developing country, issue found that across the nation are can say that trafficking is flowing to underdeveloped country to developing country or developing country to develop country. It has been made big market of human trafficking. Human trafficking is the third big benefitted industry in the world. At least million of children using in the prostitution for-profitRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1387 Words   |  6 Pagesyears’ human trafficking has recogn ized as major illegal and problematic activity within the criminal justice system throughout the United States and a majority of the world. Although much attention has been paid to the worldwide aspect of human trafficking it is important to realize its domestic prevalence. According to ------------------ and estimated 200,0000 to 300,000 immigrants are trafficked illegally within the United States from impoverished countries. The topic of human trafficking has provedRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking2103 Words   |  9 PagesHuman Trafficking Introduction The problem of human trafficking affects many countries around the world. In practice, it is a transnational organized crime in which participants have networks in different countries where they source and sell their victims. Human trafficking has adverse effects on the victims as well as the entire society. Accordingly, many countries have implemented different policies in an effort to combat this social concern. Despite these policies and intervention measures, humanRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1168 Words   |  5 Pagesa form of what we know today as human trafficking. The trafficking in persons is a form of modern day slavery, and exploits it’s victims into a slavery type setting such as manual labor or for commercial sex purposes. Many adults and elderly make up a great number of the humans that are trafficked each year, but the general population is children since they are usually helpless and are easier to manipulate since they are still in the ages of lear ning. Trafficking people is a very serious crime andRead MoreHuman Trafficking. Human Trafficking Has Been A Problem1487 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking Human trafficking has been a problem for too long. It affects many people at a time. There are many stories about different people who had been taken. The traffickers have different strategies in order to pull in different people. Human trafficking is not only in America, but in every part of the world. Around 4.5 million victims get stuck in sex trafficking. There are many ways to help stop human trafficking that are not hard to do and do not cost any money. If everybody could

Car Manufacturing Industry

Question: You need articles between 4 to 6 from media (written by Uni Professors, Business leaders, Journalists, Government agencies like RBA/ABS/ACCC, or any other stakeholders in the industry) on your topic to write a decent assignment? Answer: Introduction to Automotive Industry Australia: Automotive industry which was once the dominant industry in Australia is about to come to an end in near future. Car manufacture in Australia once rose to half million in 1970s, after which it again rose to more than 400,000 in 2004 and by the end of 2009, this had fallen to 210,000. Now, Australias car market only composed of car import from Asia and Europe. The major car producers in Australia are Toyota, Holden and Ford which produces small rear wheel family cars. Changes in any industry are necessary with regard to change in economies. All the industries are required to give a due consideration to technology change and consumer demand. Australian manufacturing industry has started declining. GDP of manufacturing industry is showing a steep decline in market share. During 2014, the GDP rate was only around 8-9%. The industry has almost come to an end because of the shut down announcement of the three major car manufacturers. Ford decided and announced its closure by the end of 2016 stating a reason that their manufacturing costs of cars were double than its unit in Europe and four times higher than the manufacturing cost in Asia with and end of 1,200 jobs. Holden asked the government to provide further $265 million subsidy as it was a plan of Holden to invest $1 billion so that it can carry manufacturing activity till 2022. But, Mr. Abbotts government didnt allow the subsidy to Holden and Holden planned to shut the unit in Australia by the end of 2017. And following Ford and Holden, Toyota also announced its closure plan to be made effective by the end of 2017. Well, there are many reasons behind their announced closure plan. Reasons of the plant shut down by Holden, Ford and Toyota: The reason given by the Toyota for closing of its manufacturing plant was economies of scale. Toyota was not able to manufacture huge and plenty of cars because of high cost high wages problem. When compared with cheaper overseas market Toyota said that the plant wasnt making money. And there were plenty of reasons of the closure of the manufacturing industry. Even government didnt decide to support the manufacturing industry because of the low productivity, but government decided to give assistance to mining industry which is more productive compared to the manufacturing industry. Mining industry will create jobs and export income for Australia. But it is expected to also push the dollar up, which will make local industry less competitive, things made in local markets, will become more expensive and imports will be cheaper. There was a big demand of coal, iron ore, and natural gas in Asia, which was the biggest resource strength of Australia. Australia has a big mining industry which forced the Australian government to invest into and pour millions of dollar into energy and infrastructure projects. As the mining industry received a big support from Australian government, manufacturing industry declined. The car manufacturing industry was already on a small scale base and because of not receiving proper support from the government, high cost and strong Australian dollar value, made it difficult to survive for them in the industry. The resources and infrastructure boom led to high cost because of which the firms couldnt achieve the cost competitiveness. Manufacturing wages gone up by 48%, inflows from exports led Australian currency to gone up by 21% against U.S. dollar. Moreover, Australian labour productivity fell down by 1% over the ten year period. Improper work rules and lower investment in skills and labour productivity led to lower growth in manufacturing industry. Apart from the bad news of manufacturing sector, a good point to note over this news was increased productivity in different sectors like natural resources sector. The annual production in domestic as well as export market is now just 200,000 vehicles while before several years it was over 300,000. Best practise car makers produce minimum of 250,000 cars per year. While Australias three major producers together are not able to reach the minimum level of production. If we compare the car manufacturing industry with past, the industry has become so small now that every manufacturer has started relying on the other for survival. Component suppliers of all the three; Holden, Toyota and Ford were same. Another reason behind the end of car manufacturing industry was the rise in Australian dollar. The exchange rate is hurting the local car industry. The high value of the Australian dollar has made the competition with international market difficult. Therefore, there is less scope of exports while there is a major move towards import from international market. If the Australian dollar was at the average then locally made cars would be more competitive against import and in export market. When Industry minister John Button in 1984, decided to reform the automotive industry by introducing The Button Plan or The Motor Industry Development Plan, the industry gradually started to decline. The Buttons plan was to lower the tariffs, introduction of foreign competition, forcing industry consolidation and fostering an Australian export industry so that it can compete with the international market level. But as he lowered down the tariffs, the Australian dollar started rising and because of thi s rise in Australian dollar, cars production costs started rising up by $2,000 more than if the car is built somewhere else. However, the dollars fall in last year has reduced the import worries, but the productivity was almost lost by that time. One more added reason for the failure of automotive industry is decline in sales. Smaller vehicles as well as utes and 4*4s together account for 80% of total sales. Which are not produced by Australia as per the demand. Australian industry failed to adapt to the change in the local market and led to adverse effect on management. Long term decline in manufacturing industry was due to indifference made to it. The belief was that only those industries should be supported and be allowed manufacturing in the nation which has some natural and innate benefit arising out of it. Different governmental agencies saw the decline in manufacturing sector as a good thing as it frees up invested labour and capital which can floe to other major productive industries and can advantages to the industry like mining industry. One more argument for the closure of the industry was that the car industry is less productive, therefore it should be closed down in order to shift the productivity engaged in the car industry towards some other more productive businesses running in Australia. The labour and capital invested in the car industry should be diverted in order to have the benefit of the workers productivity. But, in reality if we check then the productivity of one worker in car industry in Australia was above average then other industries. Per worker, the productivity in car manufacturing industry was $100,000 compared to around $85,000 across the economy. Withdrawal of support to the car industry would definitely reduce the average productivity per employee in the Australian economy. The Australian industry which is already battling for growth will again fall down drastically because of the unemployment that will be faced due to the closure plan of the major car manufacturers. Last year, despite of many job losses, Australian industry still employs 8% of total Australian labour force. It gives middle wage, middle skills and full time employment working with the industry. The skill development of the labours will also decline as a result of the close of sector. The manufacturing industry trains workers and labours with the skills to install communication lines, setting up power stations, water plants transport systems. Manufacturing sector is the major supplier of these skills to the whole Australian industry. Probably 50,000 workers will have to end up with their jobs because of this harsh step taken by the car manufacturing industry including component manufacturing suppliers. Following the unemployment of the workers due to the plant closure decision of the Hol den, Toyota as well as Ford, government offered to assistance to Ford and Holden employees. But, Toyota workers were not promise any financial help to them. However, governments announcement to provide assistance to Ford and Holden employees relieved Toyota employees. $65 million and $100 million were separated to provide assistance to the Ford as well as Holden employees. Cheap imported component parts and cars are another reason for the close of the industry. Because of the high cost of locally purchased component parts, the manufacturers were facing high production cost problem. Imported component materials were cheap compared to locally made component parts. Because of the low import tariffs, public was attracted towards buying imported cars. Companies cannot charge lesser than their production cost. This was the reason of frequent losses made by the manufacturers. Shut down plans of the manufacturers will lead to unemployment in the component manufacturing industry as well. As the component suppliers were dependent on these three manufacturers, this is going to be the major downgrade to the Australian industry. Minimum wages required to be paid to the workers was another reason of this downfall. High wages, low import tariffs and high Australian dollar are the three big reasons of the end of the car manufacturing industry. The fall in manufacturing industry will hit the science and technology base of the nation too. Manufacturing industry employs directly one in every five engineers and indirectly employs many engineers as their consultants. Manufacturing industry businesses allocate $4.5 billion each year to research and development expenditure which is equal to one forth of total expenditure incurred by private sectors. The manufacturing industry employs scientists, skilled technicians as well as engineers for developing new technologies and adapting to the needs of local public. Not only technical research and development activity, non-research and development activities are also taken up by the industry like system innovation, business integration, etc. This downfall is going to affect the industry adversely for capacity for innovation and development. Australian manufacturing industry was classified as medium low and low technology category of nations. It was ranked low despite of heavy investment s made by manufacturing firms over past many years. This might have been the case because Australian industry was good in terms of academic research papers in science and technology, but when it came to converting it into commercial product and services, the ratio was low. If the Coalition government had devoted funds to the car industry, the industry would have survived for few more years. Because there were no chances to reduce the wage rates, or increase in import tariffs or rip up free Trade Agreements. Therefore, the only hope was government assistance. Government assistance was estimated between $500 million to $1 billion annually. The local car makers started struggling financially. Ford lost around $600 million since 2008. Holden made profit only twice between 2005 to 2012. Toyota made profit in 2012 around $149 million and lost around $150 million in last three years. The Tony Abbott led Coalition government denied further financial assistance to the manufacturers. Holden was given $275 million by Australian government in March 2012, and to further continue with the production till 2022, Holden requested further financial help of $265 million, which was declined by the Australian government. Ford was given financial assistance of $103 million to continue run the production till 2016. These were the financial assistance given by the government to the manufacturers in order to run the production till some further years. Productivity commission in the last year recommended eliminating all kind of subsidies as well as financial assistance to the car manufacturing industry. Productivity commission suggested companies to lower their cost rather than expecting a financial assistance from government. After the close down announcement of Ford and Holden, The commission insisted Toyota and trade unions to slash the wages and workers condition and after moving towards wage slash and workers conditions, if there are no profitability rises remarks then commission insisted to close down the plant. But, only denial of governments financial assistance was not the core reason of failure of automotive industry. Government denied further assistance only on the recommendation of Productivity Commissions report on Automotive Industry , which gave recommendation to the government only after analysing and focusing upon some factors and assessing the Automotive Industry well. Effect on the economy following the closure of manufacturing industry: Stability in macro economy will not be certain if the mining industry would be given preference over the manufacturing industry. Because mining industrys investment and commodity prices are uncertain and volatile as we as highly cyclical. It may cause the economy to swing between boom and bust. If we talk about trade balance and current accounts, then there will be a big deficit caused by the shutdown of plants. As there will be no locally produced alternatives to imported products. More money will be needed to borrow from international market to buy the foreign made products. Spending on imported goods will swamp export revenues. Dual economy will be created after manufacturing shutdown event. One will be highly productive and other will be low productive. One is a small group which includes resource extraction and finance sectors which are high productivity sectors. Other includes activity like child care, cleaning, security services, transport, education services which is low productivity sector. The later sector has lower productivity as well as low wages. Most of the job opportunities are provided by the later sector. During 2010-2011, most of the net employment in the industry was made by the second industry which is low productive. Food security is going to be the biggest problem too. The reason will be the decline in manufacturing industry. Food processing sector till now had fulfilled the domestic needs and generated good amount of export revenues. But, as the dollar is being overvalued and grocery shoppers have started squeezing the prices paid to suppliers and has started using imported house brands. Based on current data, in near future Australia will be a net importer of processed foods if the current scenario keeps on going. The Australian industry would be dependent only on export of its unprocessed agricultural and mineral commodities. Manufacturing industrys shutdown will create problems related to environment too. People often say that manufacturing industries create many environmental problems and leave the environment in pollution. But if we look at in more in a broad way, then it is clearly seen that decline in manufacturing industry would create many other pollution related problems. Because closing of this industry would pressurise the Australian economy to produce other energy products. That will require the clearance of land, national park developments, and will damage the water tables, rivers and oceans. Future plans of Australian government following the shut down announcement by car manufacturers: However, government decided to help the automotive industry till the end of their closure plan. After looking at the Productivity Commissions report, government declared some future plans to help workers and component suppliers to survive and to capitalise the new opportunities in different industries. Government responded to the Productivity Commissions report on the automotive manufacturing industry. Government planned to focus on Australian automotive workers, component makers and small businesses in manufacturing supply chain, providing them and train them for the new opportunities, new jobs and new businesses where they have international competitive edge. In October 2013, the Australian government asked the productivity Commission to take up an inquiry into the automotive industry of Australia as well as inquire about passenger motor vehicle and component production of automotive parts. The Productivity Commissions report focused on the factors that affected the car manufacturing industry in Australia and includes nine recommendations. The government support to the automotive industry as well as workers who will be retrenched after close of the plants by the end of 207 will be supported financially and other ways by providing them training and technology updating trainings. Government declared a plan to devote $155 million which is made up of five elements to help workers, businesses and local communities affected by the decision of Toyota, Ford and Holden. $20 million were declared to be devoted for the Automotive Diversification Programme. It was kept aside to assist suppliers to start with their business into other sectors. $30 million were set aside for personalised skills assessments and help to identify new jobs and $60 million plan of Next Manufacturing Investment Programme is being finalised. The plans also include $15 million to the Automotive Industry Structural Programme and a $30 million Regional Infrastructure Programme. The government is focusing on a National Industry Investment and competitive agenda, to focus on long term issues relating to competition, productivity and job opportunities in future. The Automotive Transformation Scheme will be in process till the end of 2017. The Productivity Commission recommended losing down the restrictions on the importation on second hand passenger and light commercial vehicle. But, the government hasnt yet taken any decision regarding restriction on importation of certain vehicles as government doesnt want Australian market to be a dumping ground of second hand vehicles. These were about the future plans of the Australian government on the unemployment which will be created following closure of the three main car manufacturers. Australian car industry is now about to end in the near future because of many reasons cited above which indicates that there are no future prospects in the coming years. The car industry is going towards ending its career with 60 years of experience in the Australian industry. At last, with the end of the manufacturing industry, there will be loss of thousands of jobs and in response to that government has released in budget 2014-15, to provide assistance and proper help to the employees who will be sacked from their jobs and the manufacturing industry as well till the date they continue their manufacturing business in the industry. Government has declared some skill development plans to where they will be given training to be able to cope up after their job cessation from manufacturing industry. Unemployed workers will also be given financial assistance and equipment training through Employment Pathway Fund. In short, we can say that Australian government has already made good and sufficient future plans to deal with the worst situations that are going to arise in the future due to manufacturing industrys harsh step to close down the industry in near future. References: ANON, N.D., Australian Government-Department of Industry and Science, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., What do we lose if the car industry is allowed to fail?, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., Australias Automotive Industry, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., End of Australian Made Cars, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., Why Australias Car Manufacturers Toyota, Holden and Ford-All Knocked Out, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., How High Cost and Low Subsidies killed Australias Auto Industry, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., End of Australian Car Manufacturing Could Cost Up to 39,000 Jobs, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., Government Supports Auto Industry Transition, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., Why Does Australia Needs Manufacturing Industry?, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., The End of Australian Manufacturing, Accessed on 25 January 2015, ANON, N.D., Australias manufacturing Cost Competitiveness, Accessed on 25 January 2015,

The History of Architecture

Concrete is a composite material consisting of a binder, gravel, and aggregate, mixed with water (Li 3). The history of concrete dates back to ancient Egypt, where builders used straw and clay make building blocks. Their goal was to produce a durable construction material as the basis for building larger structures.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Architecture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. The creation of concrete revolutionized the practice of design and architecture because it gave builders new possibilities. This paper traces the history of concrete, and examines the current application of concrete in construction projects. The paper starts by examining the history of concrete since the time of the Egyptians to the present. It then surveys the types of concrete used in the world today. The paper then explores the concrete framing systems followed by a discussion of the unique attributes of concrete. The final section of the paper deals with modern uses of concrete in architecture and design, and the environmental impacts of concrete production and usage. Historical Methods of Making Concrete The Egyptians were the first people to make a composite material designed to improve its structural qualities as a building material. They mixed straw and clay to make bricks. The Egyptian straw bricks could withstand cracking. This meant that buildings made with straw bricks lasted longer than buildings made from clay bricks. Egyptian straw bricks date back to 3000 BC (Brookes 34). The Romans were the first people to develop durable concrete. Many concrete structures constructed during the Roman era that still stand today. The Romans discovered that a mixture of volcanic ash, quick lime, and pumice dried into a hard substrate suitable for construction (Li 6). They went ahead to use this mixture in the c onstruction of their structures. Many structures from the Roman era that still stand today came up between 300 BC and 400 AD. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, concrete technology disappeared until early in the nineteenth century. During the nineteenth century, a British researcher named James Parker rediscovered hydraulic concrete after conducting research into Roman methods of concrete making. The Industrial Revolution led to resurgence in the use of concrete for construction. In the same period, a British mason named Joseph Aspdin patented Portland cement after inventing a procedure for producing cement from baked lime. Cement became a primary ingredient in the preparation of concrete.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the rediscovery of concrete, architects and engineers continued to experiment with different ratios of the materials used in the production of concrete. The result was a plethora of concrete types available for different uses today. Part of the ideas that came up from these experiments was the reinforcement of concrete. This gave rise to new possibilities in the building and construction industry. Types of Concrete The third classification of concrete types is according to additives. Three examples of concrete based on their additives are Fiber reinforced concrete, macro-defect-free (MDF) concrete and DSP concrete (Li 17). DSP is the acronym for concrete whose density has been increased using small particles (Li 17). There are many other types of additives used to make different types of concrete for various applications. In practice, concrete users use specific names to refer to specific concrete types depending on their composition and their uses. This system yields a long list of concrete types. It is important to sample a few of these concrete types to illustrate this point. When construction technologists need to add a layer o f concrete to line a rock face or to hold back soil, they sometimes choose to shoot concrete using compressed air. This saves time and it eliminates the need for formwork. Concrete applied in this manner is called â€Å"shotcrete† (Fling 3). Shotcrete is useful for lining tunnels to reduce or eliminate seepage during construction. The actual mixture of concrete used as shotcrete depends on the need. Hydraulic concrete mixtures can help to stop leaks, while lightweight concrete can be used for aesthetic purposes. The ease of making concrete has led to the development of many kinds of concrete. The differences in concrete types arise from the ratio of materials used in their production and the type aggregate used. The classification of concrete depends on the unit weight, compressive strength, and the additives in it (Li 16). The classification of concrete according to unit weight gives four main types of concrete. These are â€Å"ultra-lightweight concrete (1200 Kg/m3), light weight concrete (1200-1800 Kg/m3), normal-weight concrete (1800-2400 Kg/m3), and heavyweight concrete (3200 Kg/m3) (Li 17).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Architecture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unit weight of the concrete determines its applicability for various uses. For instance, lightweight concrete is not ideal for load bearing structures. On the other extreme, heavyweight concrete can withstand heavy loads and is an ideal nuclear shield. This means that heavyweight concrete is ideal for the construction of nuclear plants and is ideal for the construction of high radiation installations. Compressive strength refers to the ability of concrete to withstand pressure from compressive forces. Classification of concrete by compressive strength yields four main classes. These are, â€Å"low-strength concrete (20 MPa), moderate-strength concrete (20-50 MPa), high-strength concrete (50-150 MPa), and ultra high-strength concrete (150 MPa)† (Li 17). The pressure that some structures need to withstand is very high. For instance, the pillars of a skyscraper must withstand the stresses resulting from the weight of the entire building. In this case, only high strength concrete is appropriate. However, structures that carry minimal loads such as small footbridges can operate normally with moderate strength concrete. Low strength concrete is ideal for partitions and sub grades of roads (Li 18). In some situations, design considerations favor the use of concrete with air spaces to allow water to seep. The concrete mixture used for this purpose is called pervious concrete. The use of pervious concrete reduces the need for artificial drainage. It also makes it easy to put up concrete structures that do not interfere with water flow to underground water systems. The third type of concrete is glass concrete. This type of concrete uses recycled glass as the aggregate. The us e of glass in this manner improves the appearance of the cured concrete. In addition, glass concrete has better thermal properties and is more durable than many concrete types. As indicated previously, there are very many concrete types. The examples above are illustrative of the concrete types available for use in building and construction. More types of concrete will be available in the future based on current research efforts that are seeking to improve the quality of concrete. Concrete Framing Systems The choice of concrete framing systems is one of the important decisions every designer must make. Framing systems have direct cost implications for all design projects. Poor choice of a concrete framing system can also compromise the stability of the building after construction. It is important for a designer to be aware of the options available and the impact of using each alternative. Fling gave three reasons why the choice of a framing system matters during preliminary design ( 1).Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, it leads to the generation of important information about the structural design of the building for use by all stakeholders (Fling 1). Secondly, it increases the efficiency of the project manager because the preliminary design helps in the identification of problems early in the project (Fling 2). Thirdly, it enables designers to optimize their designs before construction begins (Fling 2). The options designers have when choosing concrete framing systems are as follows. First, designers can use the flat plate framing system. The flat plate is very simple and economical to construct because it requires little formwork. It gives designers the flexibility to decide on the location of the supporting columns. Its main disadvantage is that it is susceptible to deflection. Secondly, it has a very low capacity to absorb sheer stress. The ideal application of the flat plate framing system is in buildings with low loads such as hotels and hospitals. The second framing system to choose from is the flat slab. Flat slabs require more formwork because of the need to increase the area of contact between the columns and the base of the slab. This framing system can withstand more weight, and can handle longer spans compared to the flat plate framing system. Thirdly, a designer can use the banded slab framing system. The main difference between this framing system and the previous two is that the beams supporting the slab are flatter but wider. This reduces problems associated with low beams. It is costlier that the flat plate and the flat slab because of more formwork requirements. It is ideal for tall buildings. The fourth framing system is the hoist slab. In this option, several beams run across the bottom of the slab with two beams supporting the resulting framework. The hoist slab is lightweight because it uses small quantities of construction materials. However, the formwork needed to construct this slab is more expensive than the flat plate framing system. The fi fth framing system is the waffle slab. Waffle slabs get their name from the waffle-like appearance of the ceiling. This framing system is ideal for creating longer slabs because the additional span dimensions do not result in additional dead weight. This framing system limits the construction of partitions because the partitions must match the waffles to achieve a clean finish. The formwork for this framing system is expensive and its construction requires experience. This framing system is ideal for covering large spaces since it can support larger spans without requiring additional columns. Unique Attributes of Concrete Concrete has several unique attributes that contribute towards its wide acceptance as a construction material. It is also possible to reduce or eliminate its weaknesses by adding various compounds and structural support systems during its production. First, concrete has very high compressive strength. This explains its wide usage in the construction of load bearing parts in various construction projects. The actual tensile strength of concrete varies depending on concrete type. Usually changing the ratios of the materials used in its production leads to changes in tensile strength. This means that adjusting the mixing ratios of concrete can help to achieve desired tensile qualities. Secondly, concrete has very low tensile strength. The actual values vary depending on the type of concrete. This means that concrete is not ideal for the construction of structures that experience tensile forces. This is what led to the development of reinforced concrete. The steel in the reinforced concrete increases its tensile strength significantly. Concrete has low elasticity. This means that it cannot recover once it is deformed. Elastic forces acting on concrete can lead to the formation of cracks during the process of destructive deformation. These cracks damage the structural qualities of concrete and compromise its ability to withstand tensile and compre ssive forces. The fourth important quality of concrete is that it has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. Concrete does not expand or contract appreciably based on temperature changes. This quality makes concrete ideal for the construction of large structures because temperature changes have little effect on its mechanical properties. Finally, concrete is prone to creep under constant load. This mechanism relives the stress experienced under constant load. Creep helps concrete structures to set and can contribute to their stability. However, too much creep can lead to weaknesses in concrete structures. Uses of Concrete in Design and Architecture Concrete has various uses in design and architecture. Its widespread use in the construction industry arises from its unique qualities. The following are some of the uses of concrete in design and architecture. First concrete is the main material used in the construction of columns and slabs in buildings. While it is possible to con struct low-level buildings with wood and other materials, it is impossible to construct high-rise buildings without concrete. Concrete makes it possible for planners to build skyscrapers that make the most use of small land areas. The second widespread use of concrete around the world is the construction of bridges. Before the development of concrete technology, bridge designers used steel and wood as the main materials for bridge construction. These materials could not withstand severe weather. Concrete replaced them as the material of choice because of its resilience in extreme weather conditions. Concrete is also a very important material in road design. Technically speaking, tarmac is a type of concrete that uses bitumen in the place of cement. Apart from this, conventional concrete forms the sub grades of roads during road construction. In areas with extreme weather, concrete roads are more resilient compared to bitumen roads. Concrete is ideal for making working surfaces in ki tchens and industries. Its strength makes it ideal for molding large sinks and tubs for industrial use. Its ability to withstand shock and corrosion makes it a perfect choice for the construction of platforms for heavy machines. Exposed-aggregate concrete is a popular material for making driveways. This type of concrete is strong enough to withstand wear. In addition, exposed-aggregate concrete is ideal for use in areas with high human traffic. It can withstand the wear arising from heavy use. Glass concrete is becoming popular because of its beauty. Glass concrete is also very strong and can withstand wear and tear. In addition, it has impressive corrosion resistant qualities. Concrete is also gaining ground as an ideal substitute for metallic and wooden poles used in the distribution of electricity. The use of concrete poles is reducing the demand for trees previously used to make poles. Since concrete does not need chemical treatment to withstand corrosion, the use of concrete po les will eliminate the demand for the chemicals used to treat wooden poles. Architects and designers can use concrete poles as part of sustainable design. Many storm drains and sewerage lines are made using concrete pipes. Concrete is resistant to corrosion, and it does not leak. In addition, the ease of molding concrete pipes makes it possible to plan for custom systems during architectural design. High-density concrete can block radiation. This is why shields made from concrete blocks are important in the design and construction of nuclear facilities. In addition, high-density concrete is ideal for making bomb shelters and for erecting security barriers. In this regard, architects and designers can use concrete as the material of choice to design maximum-security facilities. Environmental Impacts Concrete has both positive and negative impacts on the environment. The positive impacts of the production and use of concrete are as follows. First, the production of concrete encourages the recycling of materials from other industries. This reduces environmental pollution. For instance, the production of glass concrete uses recycled glass from other industries. This type of concrete is durable and ensures that waste glass becomes useful as part of a concrete structure (Li 23). The second positive impact of concrete production is that it helps to reduce the damage to the environment caused by the use of wood in construction. The use of concrete posts for fencing helps to reduce the number of trees needed to build fences. In addition, designers currently prefer concrete to wood in the construction of structures such as bridges. This means that concrete can help to reduce the damage to the environment resulting from the use of wood in construction projects. The negative impacts of concrete usage to the environment are as follows. First, an analysis of the life cycle of concrete shows that it the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Estimates place the contribution of concrete production to global greenhouse gas emissions at ten to fifteen percent (Harris 44). Secondly, concrete requires aggregates as well as cement for its production. Many of the aggregates used to produce concrete come from mines around the world. Therefore, the production of concrete contributes to the destruction of landforms and the pollution of the environment because of mining activities. The third impact of concrete use to the environment is that it leads to the generation of waste that is difficult to dispose. In the past, concrete waste ended up in landfills in different parts of the world. New efforts to recycle concrete from collapsed structures still do not salvage all the concrete waste available in the world. In this respect, the continued use of concrete will pose a challenge to the conservation of the environment especially after existing concrete structures outlive their useful lives. Conclusion In conclusion, concrete is a very interesting m aterial for designers and architects. Its appeal will remain for a long time to come because of its outstanding qualities. However, more thought must go into how best to use concrete in order to conserve the environment. Works Cited Brookes, Alan. Innovation in Architecture: A Path to the Future. New York, NY: Taylor Francis, 2003. Print. Fling, Russel S. How to Choose a Concrete Framing System. Aberdeen: The Aberdeen Group, 1988. Print. Harris, Frances. Global Environmental Issues. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, 2004. Print. Li, Zongjin. Advanced Concrete Technology. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2011. Print. This essay on The History of Architecture was written and submitted by user Konnor Mathews to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Get 800 on SAT Reading 11 Strategies by a Perfect Scorer

How to Get 800 on SAT Reading Strategies by a Perfect Scorer SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you scoring in the 600-750 range on SAT Reading + Writing? Do you want to raise that score as high as possible - to a perfect 800? Getting to a perfect SAT Reading test score isn't easy. It'll require perfection. But with hard work and my strategies below, you'll be able to do it. I've consistently scored 800 on Reading on my real SATs, and I know what it takes. Follow my advice, and you'll get a perfect score - or get very close. Brief note: This article is suited for advanced students already scoring a 600 on SAT Reading or above (this equates to a Reading Test Score of 30+ out of 40 on the New SAT). If you're below this range, my "How to Improve your SAT Reading Score to a 600" article is more appropriate for you. Follow the SAT Reading tips in that article, then come back to this one when you've reached a 600. Also, the New 2016 SAT now has a single 800 Reading + Writing score, combining the individual Reading and Writing test scores. Technically, when I mention a perfect Reading test score, I'm referring to a perfect 40/40 test score, which is essential to getting an 800 Reading and Writing score. In this guide, I'll use800 and 40 interchangeably to mean a perfect Reading score. We won't talk about Writing here, but if you want to improve your Writing score too, check out my Perfect SAT Writing score guide. Overview Most guides on the internet on how to score an 800 are pretty low quality. They're often written by people who never scored an 800 themselves. You can tell because their advice is usually vague and not very pragmatic. It's not enough to be reminded of simple Reading tips like "don't forget to guess on every question!" In contrast, I've written what I believe to be the best guide on getting an 800 available anywhere. I have confidence that these strategies work because I used them myself to score 800 on SAT Reading consistently. They've also worked for thousands of my students at PrepScholar. In this article, I'm going to discuss why scoring an 800 is a good idea, what it takes to score an 800, and then go into the key SAT Critical Reading strategies so you know how to get a perfectSAT Reading score. Stick with me - as an advanced student, you probably already know that scoring high is good. But it's important to know why an 800 Reading and Writing score is useful, since this will fuel your motivation to get a high score. This guide has been updated for the New 2016 SAT, so you can be sure my advice works for the test you're about to take. Final note: in this guide, I talk mainly about getting to an 800. But if your goal is a 700, these strategies still equally apply. Understand the Stakes: Why an 800 SAT Reading + Writing? Let's make something clear: a 1550+ on an SAT is equivalent to a perfect 1600. No top college is going to give you more credit for a 1590than a 1550. You've already crossed their score threshold, and whether you get in now depends on the rest of your application. So if you're already scoring a 1550, don't waste your time studying trying to get a 1600.You're already set for the top colleges, and it's time to work on the rest of your application. But if you're scoring a 1540 or below AND you want to go to a top 10 college, it's worth your time to push your score up to a 1550 or above. There's a big difference between a 1450and a 1550, largely because it's easier to get a 1450(and a lot more applicants do) and a lot harder to get a 1550. A 1540places you right around average at Harvard and Princeton, and being average is bad in terms of Ivy League-level admissions, since the admissions rate is typically below 10%. So why get an 800 on SAT Reading+Writing? Because it helps you compensate for weaknesses in other sections. By and large, schools consider your composite score more sothan your individual section scores. If you can get a perfect 40 in SAT Reading, you can get a 39 in SAT Writing (for a total of 790 in Reading + Writing) and a 760 in SAT Math and still be confident about your test scores. This gives you a lot more flexibility. Harvard's 75th percentile Reading score is 800. There's another scenario where an 800 in SAT Reading is really important. If you're planning to apply as a humanities or social science major (like English, political science, communications) to a top school. Here's the reason: college admissions is all about comparisons between applicants. The school wants to admit the best, and you're competing with other people in the same "bucket" as you. By applying as a humanities/social science major, you're competing against other humanities/social science folks: people for whom SAT Reading is easy. Really easy. Here are a few examples from schools. For Harvard, Princeton, Yale, and U Chicago, the 75th percentile SAT Reading score is an 800. That means at least 25% of all students at these schools have an 800 in SAT Reading. But if you can work your way to an 800, you show that you're at an equal level (at least on this metric). Even if it takes you a ton of work, all that matters is the score you achieve at the end. I'll be honest - SAT Reading wasn't my strong suit in high school. When I started studying, I was scoring around the 700 range. I was always stronger in math and science. But I learned the tricks of the test, and I developed the strategies below to raise my score to an 800. Now I'm sharing them with you. Know That You Can Do It This isn't just some fuzzy feel-good message you see on the back of a Starbucks cup. I mean, literally, you and every other reasonably intelligent student can score a perfectSAT Reading score. The reason most people don't is they don't try hard enough or they don't study the right way. Even if language isn't your strongest suit, or you got a B+ in AP English, you're capable of this. Because I know that more than anything else, your SAT score is a reflection ofhow hard you work and how smartly you study. SAT Reading is Designed to Trick You. You Need to Learn How Here's why: the SAT is a weird test. When you take it, don't you get the sense that the questions are nothing like what you've seen in school? I bet you've had this problem: in SAT Reading passages, you often miss questions because of an 'unlucky guess.' You'll try to eliminate a few answer choices, and the remaining answer choices will all sound equally good to you. Well, you throw up your hands and randomly guess. This was one of the major issues for myself when I was studying SAT Reading, and I know it affects thousands of my students at PrepScholar. The SAT is purposely designed this way to confuse you. Literally millions of other students have the exact same problem you do. And the SAT knows this. Normally in your school's English class, the teacher tells you that all interpretations of the text are valid. You can write an essay about anything you want, and English teachers aren't (usually) allowed to tell you that your opinion is wrong. This is because they can get in trouble for telling you what to think, especially for complex issues like slavery or poverty. But the SAT has an entirely different problem. It's a national test, which means it needs a level playing field for all students around the country. It needs a solid test to compare students with each other. Every question needs a single, unambiguously, 100% correct answer. There's only ever one correct answer. Find a way to eliminate three incorrect answers. Imagine if this weren't the case. Imagine that each reading answer had two answer choices that might each be plausibly correct. When the scores came out, every single student who got the question wrong would complain to the College Board about the test being wrong. If this were true, the College Board would then have to invalidate the question, which weakens the power of the test. The College Board wants to avoid this nightmare scenario. Therefore, every single Reading passage question has only one, single correct answer. But the SAT disguises this fact. It asks questions like: The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements? The first paragraph primarily serves to: In line 20, 'dark' most nearly means: Notice a pattern here? The SAT always disguises the fact that there's always one unambiguous answer. It tries to MAKE you waver between two or three answer choices that are most likely. And then you guess randomly. And then you get it wrong. You can bet that students fall for this. Millions of times every year. Students who don't prepare for the SAT in the right way don't appreciate this. BUT if you prepare for the SAT in the right way, you'll learn the tricks the SAT plays on you. And you'll raise your score. The SAT Reading section is full of patterns like these. To improve your score, you just need to: Learn the types of questions that the SAT tests, like the one above Learn strategies to solve these questions, using skills you already know Practice on a lot of questions so you learn from your mistakes The point is that you can learn these skills, even if you don't consider yourself a good reader or a great English student.I'll go into more detail about exactly how to do this. One last point: let's make sure we understand how many questions we can miss to score an 800. What It Takes to Get a Perfect 40 in Reading If we have a target score in mind, it helps to understand what you need to get that score on the actual test. There are 52 questions in the Reading section, and how many questions you miss determines your scaled score out of 40. From the Official SAT Practice Tests, I've taken the raw score to scaled score conversion tables from 4 tests.(If you could use a refresher on how the SAT is scored and how raw scores are calculated, read this.) Raw Score Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 52 40 40 40 40 51 40 39 40 39 50 39 38 39 39 49 38 37 38 38 48 38 37 38 37 47 37 36 37 36 46 37 35 36 35 45 36 35 36 35 These grading scales are harsh. For tests 2 and 4, if you miss just ONE question, you get dropped down to a 39. This means your maximum Reading + Writing score is a 790. For tests 1 and 3, if you miss one question, you're still at a perfect 40, but miss another and you drop down to a 39. The scoring chart curvedepends on the difficulty of the test. The harder the test, the easier the curve. But you can't predict what kind of test you're going to get on test day. The safest thing to do is to aim for perfection. On every practice test, you need to aim for a perfect raw score for an 800. Whatever you're scoring now, take note of the difference you need to get to a 800. For example, if you're scoring a 35 raw score, you need to answer six to seven more questions right to get to a perfect 40 and an 800. As a final example, here's a screenshot from my exact score report from March 2014, showing that I missed one question and earned an 800. (This was from the previous 2400 version of the SAT, but it had a similar grading scale). OK - so we've covered why scoring a higher Reading score is important, why you specifically are capable of improving your score, and the raw score you need to get to your target. Now we'll get into the meat of the article: actionable strategies and reading tips that you should use in your own studying to maximize your score improvement. Strategies to Get aPerfectSAT Reading Score What's your greatest weakness? Strategy 1: Understand Your High Level Weakness - Time Management or Passage Strategy? Every student has different flaws in SAT Reading. Some people don't have good strategies for tackling the passage questions. Others don't manage their time correctly and run out of time before getting through all the questions. Here's how you can figure out which one applies more to you: Find an official SAT practice test, and take only the Reading section. We have the complete list of free practice tests here. For each section, use a timer and have it count down the 65 minutes for the Reading section. Treat it like a real test. If time runs out for that section and you're 100% ready to move on, then move on. If you're not ready to move on, keep on working for as long as you need. For every new answer or answer that you change, mark it with a special note as "Extra Time." When you're ready, grade your test using the answer key and score chart, but we want two scores: 1) The Realistic score you got under normal timing conditions, 2) The Extra Time score. This is why you marked the questions you answered or changed during Extra Time. Get what we're doing here? By marking which questions you did under Extra Time, we can figure out what score you got if you were given all the time you needed. This will help us figure out where your weaknesses lie. If you didn't take any extra time, then your Extra Time score is the same as your Realistic score. Here's a flowchart to help you figure this out: Was your Extra Time score a 35or above? If NO (Extra Time score 35), then you have strategy and content weaknesses. All the extra time in the world couldn't get you above a 35, so your first angle of attack will be to find your weaknesses and attack them (We'll cover this later). If YES (Extra Time score 35), then: Was your Realistic score a 35 or above? If NO (Extra Time score 35, Realistic 35), then that means you have a difference between your Extra Time score and your Realistic score. If this difference is more than 3points, then you have some big problems with time management. We need to figure out why this is. Are you using the best passage reading strategy for you? Does it take you too much time to get the answer for each question? Generally, doing a lot of practice questions and learning the most efficient passage strategies will help reduce your time. More on this later. If YES (both Extra Time and Realistic scores 35), then you have a really good shot at getting an 800. Compare your Extra Time and Realistic score - if they differed by more than 2 points, then you would benefit from learning how to solve questions more quickly. If not, then you likely can benefit from shoring up on your last content weaknesses and avoiding careless mistakes (more on this strategy later). Hopefully that makes sense. Typically I see that students have both timing and content issues, but you might find that one is much more dominant for you than the other. For example, if you can get a40with extra time, but score a 35 in regular time, you know exactly that you need to work on time management to get a 40. This type of analysis is so important that it's a central part of my prep program, PrepScholar. When a new student joins, he or she gets a diagnostic that figures out specific strengths and weaknesses. The program then automatically customizes your learning so that you're always studying according to where you can make the most improvement. No matter what your weakness is, my following strategies will address all weaknesses comprehensively. Strategy 2:Learn to Eliminate 3 Wrong Answers This strategy was by far the most effective for me in raising my Reading score. It completely changed the way I viewed passage questions. I spent some time talking above about how the SAT always has one unambiguous answer. This has a huge implication for the strategy you should use to find the right SAT Reading answer. Here's the other way to see it: Out of the four answer choices, three of them have something that is totally wrong about them. Only one answer is 100% correct, which means the other three are 100% wrong. You know how you try to eliminate answer choices, and then end up with a few at the end that all seem equally likely to be correct? "Well, this can work...but then again this could work as well..." STOP doing that. You're not doing a good enough job of eliminating answer choices. Remember - every single wrong choice can be crossed out for its own reasons. You need to do a 180 on your approach to Reading questions. Instead, find a reason to eliminate three answer choices. "Can I find a reason to eliminate this answer choice? How about this one?" You have to learn how to eliminate three answer choices for every single question. "Great, Allen. But this doesn't tell me anything about HOW to eliminate answer choices." Thanks for asking. One thing to remember is that even a single word can make an answer choice wrong. Every single word in each answer choice is put there by the SAT for a reason. If a single word in the answer choice isn't supported by the passage text, you need to eliminate it, even if the rest of the answer sounds good. There are a few classic wrong answer choices the SAT loves to use. Here's an example question. For example, let’s imagine you just read a passage talking about how human evolution shaped the environment. It gives a few examples. First, it talks about how the transition from earlier species like Homo habilus to neanderthals led to more tool usage like fire, which caused wildfires and shaped the ecology. It then talks about Homo sapiens 40,000 years ago and their overhunting of species like woolly mammoths to extinction. So then we run into a question asking, "Which of the following best describes the main subject of the passage?" Here are the answer choices: A: The transition between Homo habilus and neanderthals B: The study of evolution C: How the environment shaped human evolution D: The plausibility of evolution E: The influence of human development on ecology (We're using five answers for purposes of illustration - the SAT will only have four choices). As you're reading these answer choices, a few of them probably started sounded really plausible to you. Surprise! Each of the answers from A-D has something seriously wrong about it. Each one is a classic example of a wrong answer type given by the SAT. Wrong Answer 1: Too Specific A: The transition between Homo habilus and neanderthals This type of wrong answer focuses on a smaller detail in the passage. It’s meant to trick you because you might think to yourself, "well, I see this mentioned in the passage, so it’s a plausible answer choice." Wrong! Think to yourself – can this answer choice really describe the entire passage? Can it basically function as the title of this passage? You’ll find that it’s just way too specific to convey the point of the overall passage. Wrong Answer 2: Too Broad B: The study of evolution This type of wrong answer has the opposite problem – it’s way too broad. Yes, theoretically the passage concerns the study of evolution, but only one aspect of it, and especially as it relates to the impact on the environment. To give another ludicrous example, if you talked to your friend about your cell phone, and he said your main point was about the universe. Yes, you were talking about the universe, but only a tiny fraction of it. This is way too broad. Wrong Answer 3: Reversed Relationship C: How the environment shaped human evolution This wrong answer choice can be tricky because it mentions all the right words. But of course the relationship between those words needs to be correct as well. Here, the relationship is flipped. Students who read too quickly make careless mistakes like these! Wrong Answer 4: Unrelated Concept D: The plausibility of evolution Finally, this kind of wrong answer preys on the tendency of students to overthink the question. If you’re passionate about arguing about evolution, this might be a trigger answer since ANY discussion of evolution becomes a chance to argue about the plausibility of evolution. Of course, this concept will appear nowhere in the passage, but some students just won’t be able to resist. Do you see the point? On the surface, each of the answer choices sounds possibly correct. A less prepared student would think that all of these were plausible answers. But plausible isn't good enough. The right answer needs to be 100%, totally right. Wrong answers might be off by even one word - you need to eliminate these. Carry this thought into every SAT Reading passage question you do and I guarantee you will start raising your score. Strategy 3: Predict the Answer Before Reading the Answer Choices As we've discussed already, the SAT is designed to goad you into making mistakes by putting really similar answer choices next to each other. In Strategy 2, we covered the strategy of ruthless, unforgiving elimination of answer choices. Here's another Strategy that works well for me. Before reading the answer choices, come up with your own answer to the question. Gaze into your crystal ball and predict the right answer. This strategy is exactly designed to counteract the trickiness of the answer choices. If you DON'T apply this strategy, your thinking process likely meanderslike this: "OK, I just read the question. Answer A is definitely out. B can kind of work. C...it doesn't exactly fit, but I can see how it mightwork." and so on. By now, you've already fallen into the College Board's trap of muddling the answer choices. Take the opposite approach. While you're reading the question, come up with your own ideal answer to the question before reading the answer choices. This prevents you from getting biased by the SAT's answer choices, especially the incorrect ones. If it's a "Big Picture" type question asking about the main point of the passage, answer for yourself, "What would make a good title for this passage?" If it's an "Inference" question, answer for yourself, "What would the author think about the situation given in the question?" Even if you can't answer the question straight away - for example, if you have to refer back to the line number to remember what the passage was saying - try to solve the question before looking at the answer choices. The key here is that the passage must support your answer choice. Every correct answer on SAT passages needs to be justified by the passage - otherwise the answer would be ambiguous, which would cause problems of cancelling questions I referred to earlier. Warning: this only works if you can read and understand passages well, and if you have prior experience with SAT Reading questions! That's why I don't recommend this strategy yet before you hit a 600 level since you're more likely to come up with the wrong answer choice in your head. Strategy 4: Experiment With Passage Reading Strategies and Find the Best for You In your prep for the SAT, you may have read different strategies for how to read a passage and answer questions. Some students read the questions before reading the passage. Others read the passage in detail first. At your high level, I can't predict which method will work best for you. We're going for perfection, which means that your strategy needs to line up with your strengths and weaknesses perfectly, or else you'll make mistakes or run out of time. What I will do, however, is go through the most effective methods. You'll then have to figure out through your test data which one leads to the highest score for you. Passage Method 1: Skim the Passage, Then Read the Questions This is the most common strategy I recommend to our students, and in my eyes the most effective. I prefer this one myself. Here it is: Skim the passage on the first read through. Don't try to understand every single line, or write notes predicting what the questions will be. Just get a general understanding of the passage. You want to try to finish reading the passage in 3 minutes, if possible. Next, go to the questions. If the question refers to a line number, then go back to that line number and understand the text around it. If you can't answer a question within 30 seconds, skip it. My preferred way to tackle a passage: skimming it on the first read-through. This strategy is a revelation for students who used to close-read a passage and run out of time. This skimming method works because the questions will ask about far fewer lines than the passage actually contains. For example, lines 5-20 of a reading passage might not be relevant to any question that follows. Therefore, if you spend time trying to deeply understand lines 5-20, you’ll be wasting time. By taking the opposite approach of going back to the passage when you need to refer to it, you guarantee reading efficiency. You're focusing only on the parts of the passage that are important to answering questions. Critical Skill: You must be able to skim effectively. This means being able to quickly digest a text without having to slowly read every word. If you're not quite good at this yet, practice it on newspaper articles and your homework reading. Passage Method 2: Read the Questions First and Mark the Passage This is the second most common strategy and, if used well, as effective as the first method. But it has some pitfalls if you don't do it correctly. Here's how it goes: Before you read the passage, go to the questions and read each one. If the question refers to a series of lines, mark those lines on the passage. Take a brief note about the gist of the question. Go back to the passage and skim it. When you reach one of your notes, slow down and take more notice of the question. Answer the questions. Here's an example passage that I marked up, with questions coming first. Notice that beyond underlining the phrase referenced in the question, I left clues for myself on what's important to get out of this phrase. (questions not relating to specific lines aren't shown above) In the hands of an SAT expert, this is a powerful strategy. Just like Method 1 above, you save time by skipping parts of the passage that aren't asked about. Furthermore, you get a head start on the questions by trying to answer them beforehand. But there are serious potential pitfalls to this method if you're not careful or prepared enough. Here's one: when you first read the questions before the passage, you won't have enough time to digest the actual answer choices (nor will they make sense to you). So you have to make your best guess for what the question is asking when you're writing a note along the passage. In some cases, this can lead you astray. Take this example from above: When I read the question, I saw that it asked me to find how Woolf characterized the questions I marked in lines 53-57. The problem is how broad the question is. How something can be characterized gives a wide range of options. Here are a number of plausible characterizations as I read the text: important, life-changing ("have to ask ourselves") communal ("we") detail-oriented ("on what terms?") urgent ("here and now") ambitious progressive and future-looking ("where is it leading us") There's a lot of flexibility in interpretation here, since the questions really do touch upon all these characterizations. It turns out "important" and "urgent" are the right interpretations, for answer choice C. But when I'm reading the passage and see my note, I can waste a lot of time coming up with potential options that aren't even correct answer choices. In the worst case, it can bias me toward the wrong answer. Critical Skill: You need to have so much experience with the SAT Reading section that you can anticipate what the question is going to ask you for your notes to be helpful. If you're not sure of this, you can easily be led down the wrong track and focus on the wrong aspect of the passage. Passage Method 3: Read the Passage in Detail, Then Answer Questions This method is what beginner students usually use by default, because it's what they've been trained to do in school. Some beginner books like Princeton Review and Kaplan also suggest this as a strategy. It's my least favorite method because there are so many ways for it to go wrong. But for the sake of completeness, I'm listing it here in case it works best for you. Here's how it goes: Read the passage in detail, line by line. Take notes to yourself about the main point of each paragraph. Answer the questions. As you might guess, I don't like this method for the following reasons: By reading the passage closely, you absorb a lot of details that aren't useful for answering questions. The notes you take aren't directed toward helping you answer the questions. By interpreting the passage ahead of time, you risk being led astray. But this might work especially well for you if you're very good at reading for understanding, and if you have so much expertise with the SAT that you can predict what the test is going to ask you about anyway. Choose Which Works Best for You, Based on Test Data Because I can't predict which one will work best for you, you need to figure this out yourself. To do this, you need cold, hard data from your test scores. Try each method on 2 sample test passages each, and tally up your percentage score for each. If one of them is a clear winner for you, then develop that method further. If there isn't a clear winner, choose the one that feels most comfortable for you. As part of our PrepScholar program, we give you advanced statistics on your score performance so that you can experiment with methods that work best for you. Next strategy:Understand your mistakes. Strategy 5: Understand Every Single Mistake You Make On the path to perfection, you need to make sure every single one of your weak points is covered. Even just one mistakewill knock you down from an 800, as we saw in the score charts above. The first step is simply to do a ton of practice. If you're studying from free materials or from books, you have access to a lot of practice questions in bulk. As part of our PrepScholar program, we have over 1,500 SAT questions customized to each skill. The second step - and the more important part - is to be ruthless about understanding your mistakes. Every mistake you make on a test happens for a reason.If you don't understand exactly why you missed that question, you will make that mistake over and over again. I've seen students who did 20 practice tests. They've solved over 3,000 questions, but they're still nowhere near a perfectSAT Reading score. Why? They never understood their mistakes. They just hit their heads against the wall over and over again. Think of yourself as an exterminator, and your mistakes are cockroaches. You need to eliminate every single one - and find the source of each one - or else the restaurant you work for will be shut down. Here'swhat you need to do: On every practice test or question set that you take, mark every question that you're even 20% unsure about. When you grade your test or quiz, review every single question that you marked, and every incorrect question. This way even if you guessed a question correctly, you'll make sure to review it. In a notebook, write down 1) the gist of the question, 2) why you missed it, and 3) what you'll do to avoid that mistake in the future. Have separate sections by question type (vocab questions, big picture questions, inference questions, etc). It's not enough to just think about it and move on. It's not enough to just read the answer explanation. You have to think hard about why you specifically failed on this question. By taking this structured approach to your mistakes,you'll now have a running log of every question you missed, and your reflection on why. No excuses when it comes to your mistakes. Always Go Deeper - WHY Did You Miss a Reading Question? Now, what are some common reasons that you missed a question? Don't just say, "I didn't get this question right." That's a cop out. Always take it one step further - what specifically did you miss, and what do you have to improve in the future? Here are some examples of common reasons you miss a Reading question, and how you take the analysis one step further: Elimination: I couldn't eliminate enough incorrect answer choices, or I eliminated the correct answer. One step further: Why couldn't I eliminate the answer choice during the test? How can I eliminate answer choices like this in the future? Careless Error:I misread what the question was asking for or answered for the wrong thing. One step further:Why did I misread the question? What should I do in the future to avoid this? Vocab: I didn't know what the key word meant. One step further:What word was this? What is the definition? Are there other words in this question I didn't know? Get the idea? You're really digging into understanding why you're missing questions. Yes, this is hard, and it's draining, and it takes work. That's why most students who study ineffectively don't improve. Many people don't know the right way to study. Of the people who do, very few will diligently apply the right methods, day in, and day out, with discipline. But you're different. Just by reading this guide, you're already proving that you care more than other students. And if you apply these principles and analyze your mistakes, you'll improve more than other students too. Reviewing mistakes is so important that in PrepScholar, for every one of our 1,500+ practice questions, we explain in detail how to get the correct answer, and why incorrect answers are wrong. We also point out bait answers so that you can you can learn the tricks that the SAT plays on test takers like you. Bonus Tip: Re-Solve the Question Before Reading the Answer Explanation When you're reviewing practice questions, the first thing you probably do is read the answer explanation and at most reflect on it a little. This is a little too easy. I consider thispassive learning - you're not actively engaging with the mistake you made. Instead, try something different - find the correct answer choice (A-D), but don't look at the explanation. Instead, try to re-solve the question once over again and try to get to the correct answer. This will often be hard. You couldn't solve it the first time, so why could you solve it the second time around? But this time, with less time pressure, you might spot a new reason to eliminate the wrong answer choice, or something else will pop up. Something will just "click" for you. When this happens, what you learned will stick with you for 20 times longer than if you just read an answer explanation. I know this from personal experience. Because you've struggled with it and reached a breakthrough, you retain that information far better than if you just passively absorbed the information. This is perfect for SAT Reading because you'll often miss a question because of an incorrect interpretation of the text. By forcing yourself to get the right answer, you'll practice getting the CORRECT interpretation of the text. Even better, you'll be scrounging the passage for clues as to why the correct answer is correct, which is exactly what you need in your passage strategy to begin with. It's too easy to just read an answer explanation and have it go in one ear and out the other. You won't actually learn from your mistake, and you'll make that mistake over and over again. Treat each wrong question like a puzzle. Struggle with each wrong answer for up to 10 minutes. Only then if you don't get it should you read the answer explanation. Strategy 6:Find Your Reading Skill Weaknesses and Drill Them Reading passage questions might look similar, but they actually test very different skills. At PrepScholar we believe the major passage skills to be: Big Picture/Main Point Little Picture/Detail Inference Words and Phrases inContext Citing Textual Evidence Perspective Analyzing Word Choice Analyzing Text Structure Analyzing Multiple Texts Analyzing Quantitative Info Whew - that's a lot of skills. That's a much more detailed breakdown than what appears at first glance, and what most books and courses offer. Each of these question types uses different skills in how you read and analyze a passage. They each require a different method of prep and focused practice. The SAT requires a lot of skills. Make sure you know which ones are your weaknesses. If you're like most students, you're better at some areas in Reading than others. You might be better at getting the Big Picture of a passage, compared to the Inference. Or you might be really strong in vocabulary, but weak in understanding the function of sentences in a passage. If you're like most students, you also don't have an unlimited amount of time to study. This means for every hour you study for the SAT, it needs to be the most effective hour possible. In concrete terms,you need to find your greatest areas of improvement and work on those. Too many students study the 'dumb' way. They just buy a book and read it cover to cover. When they don't improve, they're SHOCKED. I'm not. Studying effectively for the SAT isn't like painting a house. You're not trying to cover all your bases with a very thin layer of understanding. What these students did wrong was they wasted time on subjects they already knew, and they didn't spend enough time on their weaknesses. Instead, studying effectively for the SAT is like plugging up the holes of a leaky boat. You need to find the biggest hole, and fill it. Then you find the next biggest hole, and you fix that. Soon you'll find that your boat isn't sinking at all. How does this relate to SAT Reading? You need to find the sub-skills that you're weakest in, and then drill those until you're no longer weak in them. Fix up the biggest holes. Within reading, you need to figure out whether you have patterns to your mistakes. Is it that you don't get Inference questions? Or maybe you're really weak at interpreting details? Or from strategy 1: is it that you're running out of time in reading passages? For every question that you miss, you need to identify the type of question it is. When you notice patterns to the questions you miss, you then need to find extra practice for this subskill. Say you miss a lot of inference questions (this is typically the hardest type of question for students to get). You need to find a way to get focused practice questions for this skill so you can drill your mistakes. Bonus: If all of this is making sense to you, you'd love our SAT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program around the concepts in this article, because they actually work.When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty SAT skills. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for you. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. We also force you to focus on understanding your mistakes and learning from them. If you make the same mistake over and over again, we'll call you out on it. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: SAT Free Signup // Strategy 7:Read the Italicized Passage Introduction This is a quick tip that many students ignore. Each passage comes with an italicized introduction, like this for the passage shown above: This is a freebie. It gives you context for the entire passage. By knowing that the passage is about "the situation of women in English society," you hit the ground running when you read the very first sentence. This helps a lot. Sometimes, the introduction alone can giveyou the answer for the "Big Picture" question about what the main point of the passage is. Always always make sure that you read this introduction, no matter what passage method you use from Strategy 4. Strategy 8: Be Interested in the Passage Subject Matter The SAT has passages about a lot of weird topics. Victorian novels, underwater basket-weaving, and the evolution of gerbils are all fair game. It's unlikely that you're naturally thrilled about all the subjects you'll read about. This makes it easy to tune out when you're reading the passage. This makes it harder to answer the questions, which will make you more frustrated. Instead, adopt this mindset: For the next 10 minutes, I am the world's most passionate person about whatever subject this passage is about. This passage is the most frickin' exciting thing I could be reading right now. For every single passage, be as excited as she is. Force yourself to care about what the passage is telling you. Pretend that your LIFE depends on understanding this passage. Maybe you're about to give a lecture on this subject. Or someone's holding a puppy hostage if you don't answer enough questions correctly. Or your crush turns out to be a huge mid-18th century English literature fan, so you pay rapt attention to every single word. When I was preparing for the SAT in high school, I took this so far to the extremethat I ended up genuinely fascinated bywhatever the passage was telling me about. I remember reading a passage about volcanic activity and thinking, "Wow, I'm really glad I just learned this." (I know this sounds crazy.) If you stay engaged while reading, you'll understand the passage so much better, and you'll answer questions with way more accuracy. Strategy 9: DON'T Spend Time on Vocab Vocab typically gets way too much attention from students. It feels good to study vocab flashcards, because it seems like you're making progress. "I studied 1,000 vocab words - this must mean I improved my score!" This is why other test prep programs love teaching you vocab - it feels like they're teaching you something useful worth your money, but it's not obvious that vocab actually isn't helping your score. Fortunately, vocab doesn't play a big role in your SAT Reading score anymore. This is especially true in the redesigned 2016 SAT. They've completely taken out Sentence Completion questions, and the words that you have to analyze in context are usually pretty common. Here are examples of words that you need to understand in context in the current SAT: ambivalent clashes convey plastic postulate These are somewhat advanced words, but they're nowhere near the level of the words you used to have to know, like "baroque," "diatribes," "platitudes," and "progenitor." College Board lowered the emphasis on vocab because of complaints that memorizing esoteric vocab was useless in college success and career success. Instead, it's now asking you to figure out the meaning of more common words the way the author intended. For example, "plastic" can mean "malleable," "artificial," or "sculptural." Only one of these is right in the context of the passage. This doesn't mean that vocab is totally useless. For one, SAT Writing still has a few vocab questions (read more about this in my Perfect SAT Writing guide). Furthermore, sometimes knowing the definition of the words in context is helpful. Here are a few tips on what to learn, and how to learn vocab effectively. First, I've written a super detailed guide on the best way to study SAT vocabulary. This method makes your studying much more efficient so you retain words longer and engage with the most difficult vocab most often. Second, you need to take notes on vocab words that you don't know that you see in your practice questions. Don't just focus on the right answers- understand the definition of wrong answers as well. Only take notes from official SAT tests. It's hard to predict what words the SAT will use, and the SAT doesn't often repeat words from previous tests. But the official free practice tests from the Official Study Guide that we integrate in our PrepScholar program are the best sources. Strategy 9B: Don't Spend Time Reading Books or Magazines Over the many years I've studied for tests or run a test prep company, I've heard this advice for SAT Reading: "Read great novels and well-written magazines, like in the New York Times or the Atlantic. This will help with reading comprehension." I hate this advice. A test like SAT Reading is very specific. It tests reading comprehension in very specific and formulaic ways, as I showed with all the question types in Strategy 3. Reading for general leisure does NOT train you effectively for the test. You're not exercising the same skills you need on the test, nor is it goal-driven enough to help you make progress. This terrible advice is like saying you can train for a swim meet by standing in the shower for longer. Yes, by being in the shower, you'll be in water, just like you will in the swimming pool. But you're not using the same skills. Yes, if you have a lifetime of strong reading, with thousands of hours of leisure reading experience, you will do better on SAT Reading. But right now, reading general material won't help you efficiently. Take your extra time and do SAT Reading practice questions instead. Strategy 10: Finish With Extra Time and Double Check Your goal at the end of all this work is to get so good at SAT Reading that you solve every question and have extra time left over at the end of the section to recheck your work. In high school, I was able to finish a Reading section in about 60% of the time allotted. For SAT Reading, this means finishing all 5 passages and 52 questions in 40 minutes. This means I have a whopping 25minutes left over to recheck my answers two times over. How did I get so fast? 1) I have an efficient reading strategy that works best for me. Namely, I skim the passage and work through the questions afterward. 2) Through a lot of hard work, I have a strong instinct for the test. I understand the test so well that when I read a question, I can predict the answer within a few seconds. I can rule out wrong answers instantly because they just feel wrong. I've surveyed thousands of questions and understood every single SAT skill deeply to design PrepScholar, so I can typically understand exactly what the College Board is asking. Kind of like Neo seeing code in The Matrix. Here are some time benchmarks that might help: You should finish skimming a long passage within three minutes. Each passage question should take you no more than 30 seconds. If you can do this well, you'll finish the entire section in 40 minutes, leaving a lot of time to double check. What's the best way to double checkyour work? I have a reliable method that I follow: Double check any questions you marked that you're unsure of. Try hard to eliminate answer choices. If it's a reading passage question, make sure that the passage supports your answer. If I'm 100% sure I'm right on a question, I mark it as such and never look at it again. If I'm not sure, I'll come back to it on the third pass. At least two minutes before time's up, I rapidly double checkthat I bubbled the answers correctly. I try to do this all at once so as not to waste time looking back and forth between the test book and the answer sheet. Go five at a time ("A D B C B") for more speed. If you notice yourself spending more than 30 seconds on a problem and aren't clear how you'll get to the answer, skip and go to the next question. Even though you need a near perfect raw score for an 800, don't be afraid to skip. You can come back to it later, and for now it's more important to get as many points as possible. Quick Tip: Bubbling Answers Here's a bubbling tip that will save you two minutes per section. When I first started test taking in high school, I did what many students do: after I finished one question, I went to the bubble sheet and filled it in. Then I solved the next question. Finish question 1, bubble in answer 1. Finish question 2, bubble in answer 2. And so forth. This actually wastes a lot of time. You're distracting yourself between two distinct tasks - solving questions, and bubbling in answers. This costs you time in both mental switching costs and in physically moving your hand and eyes to different areas of the test. Here's a better method: solve all your questions first in the book, then bubble all of them in at once. This has several huge advantages: you focus on each task one at a time, rather than switching between two different tasks. You also eliminate careless entry errors, like if you skip question 7 and bubble in question 8's answer into question 7's slot. By saving just ten seconds per question, you get back 200 seconds on a section that has 20 questions. This is huge. Note: If you use this strategy, you should already be finishing the section with ample extra time to spare. Otherwise, you might run out of time before you have the chance to bubble in the answer choices all at once. Strategy : Be Ready for Turbulence in Scores Now you know what it takes to achieve perfection in SAT Reading. You know the best strategies to use for tackling the passage. You know how to identify your weaknesses and learn from them. You know how to save time, and you know to stay engaged while reading a passage. Even despite all this, sometimes a passage just won't click with you. Of all SAT sections, I find that Reading has the most volatile score. How you vibe with a passage has a big impact on your score. You might get a string of questions wrong just because you couldn't really understand what the passage was really about. This doesn't happen on Math or Writing. No matter what happens, you need to keep calm and keep working. You might swing from an 800 on one practice test to a 710 on another. Don't let that faze you. Don't start doubting all the hard work you've put in. Keep a calm head, and, like always, work hard on reviewing your mistakes. This might even happen on the real SAT. You might get below your target score and be crestfallen. Pick yourself up. This happens. If you've consistently been getting 800's on practice tests, you should take the test again and try to score higher. Very likely, you will. And because most schools nowadays Superscore the SAT, you can combine that new 800 with your other sections for an awesome SAT score. In Overview Those are the main strategies I have for you to improve your SAT Reading score to an 800. If you're scoring above a 600 right now, with hard work and smart studying, you can raise it to a perfect SAT Reading score. Even though we covered a lot of strategies, the main point is still this: you need to understand where you're falling short, and drill those weaknesses continuously. You need to be thoughtful about your mistakes and leave no mistake ignored. Here's a recap of all the strategies, in case you want to go back and review any: Strategy 1: Understand Your High Level Weakness: Time Management or Passage Strategy Strategy 2:Learn to Eliminate 3 Wrong Answers Strategy 3: Predict the Answer Before Reading the Answer Choices Strategy 4: Experiment with Passage Reading Strategies and Find the Best for You Strategy 5: Understand Every Single Mistake You Make Strategy 6:Find Your Reading Skill Weaknesses and Drill Them Strategy 7:Read the Italicized Passage Introduction Strategy 8: Be Interested in the Passage Subject Matter Strategy 9: DON'T Spend Time on Vocab Strategy 10: Finish With Extra Time and Double Check Strategy : Be Ready for Turbulence in Scores Keep reading for more resources on how to boost your SAT score. What's Next? We have a lot more useful guides to raise your SAT score. Read our complete guide to a perfect 1600, written by me, a perfect scorer. Read our accompanying guide to a 800 on SAT Math. Learn how to write a perfect-scoring 12 SAT essay, step by step. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. I built the PrepScholar program based on the principles in this article - the principles that worked for me and thousands of our students. I'm confident they'll also work with you. Check out our 5-day free trial today: