Twelfth night Free Essay Example, 1750 words

As such, when Shakespeare applied metatheatre into his plays, it may have acted to remind both the actors and audience where they were. Again, it reminded them what they were doing. Both of them in â€Å"remembering† or â€Å"realizing† that Cesario was actually a lady and not a man came to the reality that this was just a play. Such metatheatrical portrayals further engage the audience and the actors. In yet another instance, Viola is seen agreeing to the fact that she is not a man, but a lady. This is also metatheatrical in that she portrays self-consciousness and pushes the fictional illusion of drama aside. The evidence is seen in her conversation with Feste and Olivia in which they are discussing beards. Feste says to Viola, â€Å"In his next commodity of hair, send thee a beard† upon which she responds, â€Å"By my troth, I’ll tell thee, I am almost sick for one- though I would not have it grow on my chin†. From this utterance, we can tell th at Viola was talking beyond the play, in the real world. The idea is that since she was a woman, she would never have a beard grow on her chin. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelfth night or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Reactive Chromatography ( Rc ) - 1095 Words

Chapter 2 2 Literature review 2 Introduction 2 2.1. Reactive Separation Techniques 3 2.1.1. Reactive Chromatography (RC) 4 2.1.1.1. Principal 5 2.1.1.2. Adsorbent 6 2.1.1.3. Solvent 6 2.1.1.4. Esterification Reaction 7 2.1.2. Reactive Extraction (RE) 7 2.1.2.1. Extractant 8 2.1.2.2. Reaction Product Properties 9 2.1.3. Reactive Distillation (RD) 10 References 13 Chapter 2 Literature review 2.1. Introduction Carboxylic acids (Lactic, propionic, caproic, acetic, picolinic etc.) are chemicals extensively used in pharmaceutical, food and other allied industries, as they find diverse application as reactants, solvents and even as catalysts in a few work instances (Talnikar et al., 2014). These acids when obtained by fermentation of sugars, the presence of fermentation by-products, media impurities additives like antifoam agents interfere in purification process (Pursell et al., 2009). During fermentation acids are produced essentially as mixture and mostly dilute solutions are obtained. Moreover during hetero-fermentation the broth contains mixture of acids as final product (Abdel-Rahman et al., 2013). 2.2. Outline of the process for preparation of carboxylic acid from biomass The process for preparation of carboxylic acid from biomass includes pre-treatment and hydrolysis of agricultural waste to simple sugars. These sugars are than used as raw material for fermentation using microorganism to produce carboxylic acids. These acids are generated either in form of free

Expressive arts Essay Example For Students

Expressive arts Essay The expressive arts play a central role in shaping our sense Of our personal, social and cultural identity. Learning in the expressive arts also plays an important role in supporting children and young people to recognize and value the variety and vitality Of culture locally, nationally and globally. Learning in, through and about the expressive arts enables children and young people to be creative and express themselves in different ways experience enjoyment and contribute to other peoples enjoyment through creative and expressive performance and presentation develop important skills, both those specific to the expressive arts and those which are transferable develop an appreciation of aesthetic and cultural values, identities and ideas and, for some, prepare for advanced learning and future careers by building inundations tort excellence in the expressive arts. Building the Curriculum I amended The expressive arts are rich and stimulating, with the capacity to engage and fascinate learners of all ages, interests and levels tot skill and achievement, It is therefore important that all teachers and educators look for opportunities within their own teaching approaches for interdisciplinary learning and to foster partnerships with professional arts companies, creative adults and cultural organizations. How is the expressive arts framework structured The expressive arts experiences and outcomes will support staff in planning Hellenizing inspirational and enjoyable learning and teaching activities. The initial statements are closely linked to the four capacities and can be used to help to plan a wide range of learning activities, which will enable our young people to become successful learners, Who can express themselves, think innovative, meet challenges positively and find imaginative solutions to problems and who have developed knowledge and skills related to the different arts and broader skills such as the use of technologies confident individuals. Who have developed self-awareness, self. Discipline, determination, commitment and confidence wrought drawing on their own ideas, experiences and feelings. ND through successful participation responsible citizens, who can explore ethical questions, respond to personal and social issues, and develop stances and views, who have deepened their insight and experiences of cultural identities and who have come to recognize the importance of the arts to the culture and identities of Scotland and other societies effective contributors, who can develop and express their creativity, work cooperatively and communicate with others, and in so doing, show initiative, dependability, leadership and enterprise. The framework then egging with experiences and outcomes for presentation and performance across the expressive arts, followed by the experiences and outcomes in art and design dance drama music. This framework provides children and young people with opportunities to be creative and imaginative, to experience inspiration and enjoyment and to develop skills in each of these areas. Participation enables children and young people to experience and enjoy the energy and excitement of performing and presenting for different audiences and Of being part Of an audience for others. The experiences and outcomes from each of the lines of placement are complementary and interrelated and should be considered together when planning for learning. The experiences and outcomes do not place ceilings on aspirations for progress and development. Through them, all learners, including those with particular skills, talents and interests and those with additional support needs, will have opportunities to nurture and develop their interests and skills. What are the features of effective learning and teaching in the expressive arts The framework of experiences and outcomes supports staff in meeting the needs of children and young people through providing a did range of carefully planned, well-paced learning experiences. Within a rich, supportive environment teachers will draw upon a skilful mix of approaches to promote a climate of creativity and innovation, including active involvement in creative activities and performances tasks or performance opportunities which require a creative response opportunities to perform or present to an audience partnerships with professional performers or artists and other creative adults raising awareness of contemporary culture and connecting with young peoples experiences appropriate, effective use of technology building on the reminisces of Assessment is for Learning both collaborative and independent learning establishing links within the expressive arts subjects and with the wider curriculum opportunities to analyses, explore and reflect. The majority of activities in the expressive arts involve creating and presenting and are practical and experiential. Character Protect Life EssayFor example, they apply their creative skills to produce and perform more complex pieces of work and to recognize creativity and skill in the work of other people demonstrate increasing kills and confidence in presentations and performances, and in appreciation of how the expressive arts relate to the wider world and different cultures show enjoyment of the expressive arts, for example through evaluating constructively their own work and that of others, and suggesting how it can be improved. Assessment should also link with other areas of the curriculum within and outside the classroom and, for example, offer children and young people opportunities to become aware of the role of professional arts companies and cultural organizations in society and the economy. How are the expressive arts unconnected with the other areas of the curriculum Learning in the expressive arts offers rich and exciting opportunities for interdisciplinary work across art and desig n, dance, drama and music and With Other areas Of the curriculum. Ready examples include the opportunities for collaboration with technologies afforded by the study Of design in a variety Of contexts. As participation in dance activities contributes to children and young peoples physical activity, experiences and outcomes in dance can be readily linked With those for physical education. Moving image media provides opportunities to explore dance, drama, music, art ND design within another narrative medium and to combine these traditional expressive arts in film-making work. Children and young people will develop, enhance and apply skills gained in the expressive arts in a very broad range of activities including role play, participation in whole school events, community events and outdoor learning. Such activities promote the development of skills in areas such as talking and working with others, and contribute greatly to children and young peoples mental, emotional, social and physical wellbeing. How do the expressive arts provide children and young people with insight and experiences t Scotland distinctive cultural identities Learning in the expressive arts helps learners develop their knowledge, understanding and appreciation of contemporary and historical arts within their own communities, within Scotland and beyond. Children and young people will enjoy numerous and diverse opportunities to contribute to, reflect on and respond to the arts within their own and other cultures. How important is inspiration and enjoyment One of the main purposes of learning in the expressive arts is to develop lifelong appreciation Of, and participation in, expressive arts and cultural activities. The framework therefore includes not only statements of the intended outcomes of learning but also statements Of experiences Which provide opportunities for inspiration and enjoyment. Judgments about learning Will be based on evidence derived from a broad range Of sources and across a range Of activities and will refer to the learners progress over time. High quality learning experiences will generate inspiration and enjoyment which will motivate and support effective learning.

Manipulation of Ethnic Identity by Groups in Iraq

Introduction Iraq has had a turbulent history as a result of its ethnic make up. While all this was blamed on the ruthless dictator Saddam Hussein, Iraq has continued to be split along ethical lines even after the overthrow of Saddam and his subsequent execution. Now more than ever, the country’s population has clustered themselves around ethnical and sectarian lines with each group advancing its interests over those of the country.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Manipulation of Ethnic Identity by Groups in Iraq specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has inevitably led to an escalation in violence as well as a lack of progress for Iraq as a whole. It has been noted that the major benefactors of this division have been political parties and their leaders who have obtained power from their followings. Davis advances that many Iraqis fall back on tribal and confessional identities as a result of soci o-economic decay that is rife in the country (3). The corruption that plagues the current Iraq government compares unfavorably even with Saddam’s oppressive regime. As such, harsh socio-economic realities make the Iraqi people prone to being manipulated into falling back into their ethnic and sectarian identities. This paper shall argue that ethnic and sectarian identity is being manipulated by political leaders in Iraq for their own gains resulting in an Iraq that is divides, and has numerous incidents of violence as the various groups compete for resources. The paper will undertake a concise yet informative comparison of the various means used by the leaders of the main ethnic groups to harden ethnic identity of their followers therefore consolidating their own power. The Ethnic Issue in Iraq As a result of the demarcation of the borders of Iraq into the current state by the then British colonizers, a number of Ethnic groups fell within Iraq’s borders therefore formi ng the people of Iraq as we currently know it. The three major ethnic groups that formed Iraq are; the Shia, Sunni and the Kurds. Ibrahim defines ethnicity in the Iraqi context as referring to â€Å"contiguous or co-existing groups differing in race, religion, sect, language, culture of national orientation† (229).Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strife among the various ethnic groups has always been present in past regimes with the most predominant one being by the Kurds who have sought to break away from Iraq. However, these attempts have been crushed by the central government resulting in a unified, albeit oppressed, Iraq. Therefore, while the potential for conflict and actual conflict along ethnic lines has always been present in Iraq’s history, the political and institutional arrangements that were present prevented the conflict from escalating. How ever, the U.S. led invasion of Iraq resulted in a sudden structural change as a result of the collapse of Saddam’s regime. This breakdown resulted in a lack of a common national identity as each ethnic group sought to benefit itself the most from the fall of Saddam. Rear asserts that â€Å"in the absence of a national identity, it is perhaps to be expected that leaders would attempt to utilize ethnicity as the glue which could bind the population of the state together† (167). This association invariably results in ethnic mobilization both in the electoral process and even in conflicts between groups. Post Saddam Iraq Iraq has been plagued by manipulation by political leaders so as to consolidate their power at the expense of other ethnic groups. This manipulation works since as Michael theorizes, â€Å"While not everyone [in an ethnic group] may be mobilized as an active fighter for his or her group, hardly anyone ever fights for the opposing ethnic group† (9). Ethnic divisions in Iraq politics have continued to be acutely pronounced despite the overthrow of Saddam’s regime and the imposition of a democratically elected government. The Saddam government was at best predatory in nature and employed a â€Å"winner-takes-all† policy where the Sunni dominated all aspects of Iraqi government. Following the overthrow of Saddam Hussein, leaders who represented the ethnic constituents of Iraq were chosen to represent the Iraqis. These leaders did not enjoy much public support ant their promotion was based on their opposition to the Saddam regime as well as their ethnic identities (Berdal 96).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Manipulation of Ethnic Identity by Groups in Iraq specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dawisha documents that the 15 December 2005 general elections were characterized by voters en masse turning to their primordial loyalties (26). The ele ctions resulted in the largest vote (46.5%) going to the United Iraqi Alliance which is a coalition of Shia solidarity. The Kurdistan Alliance on the other hand received votes primarily from the Kurdish population while the Iraqi Accord Front which is a Sunni-sectarian group garnered 80% of the Sunni vote. These results demonstrate strong divisions along ethnic lines by the Iraqi people. These ethnic divisions were mostly as a result of the politicians who pried on the political psychology and emotions of the Iraq people. The motivation for this manipulation is the fear by the politicians of losing economic and personal security to members of other ethnic communities. These skillful politicians rallied the masses to identify with the ethnic group and agenda of the particular leader. The 2005 elections which were decisive in putting the current Iraqi leaders in office were characterized by widespread appeal to ethnicity. A report by the United States Institute of Peace reveals that i n order to gain power, the hugely inexperienced politicians appealed to ethnic and sectarian identity with great success (7). While the politicians purported to create an Iraq that was unified and just unlike the former Saddam regime, they highlighted the differences of the people so as to ensure that the people from their ethnic groups voted for them. This clearly demonstrates that the leaders did not have the best interests of the people as they purported to but rather, they were only interested in getting themselves into power. Manipulation of Ethnic identity by Politicians The Shia The Shia were arguably the greatest benefactors of the end of the Saddam regime. Following this events, Shia militia leaders were afforded power and given government ministries at the expense of the other ethnic groups. This resulted in a scenario whereby the militia leaders took over specific ministries and run them for the party interest therefore breaking the coherence of the government (Berdal 98) . Following the 2005 elections, the Supreme council for the Islamic Revolution of Iraq (SCIRI) which was one of the parties forming the United Iraqi Alliance had one of its leaders, Bayan Jabr Solagh appointed as Interior Minister. This SCIRI member proceeded to sack hundreds of Sunni officials working in the Ministry and accused them of being criminals (Berdal 99).Advertising Looking for research paper on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The new Minister then made it mandatory for all new Interior Ministry recruits to have a letter of reference from a SCIRI office or mosque. This move was evidently aimed at locking out the Sunnis from the ministry therefore benefiting only the Shia. Another prominent Shia political party is the Sadrist movement which also forms part of the United Iraqi Alliance. The United States Institute of Peace reveals that while this party is fairly new in the political scene in Iraq, it has become a force to be reckoned with owing to its following in the streets (10). This party is made up of young mostly inexperienced leaders some of whom, as a result of the high number of votes their party obtained, have been given cabinet positions. The strength of this party is said to be in the ability of its leader, Muqtada al-Sadr to mobilize local Shia communities and particularly the poor and unemployed youth (Pollack 122). The leader of this party is interested in consolidating the party’s pow er and as such, reinforces its position in the UIA. This is a situation which led to strife as armed conflicts occurred between SCIRI and Sadr as they both fight for control over the UIA and the Shia group. Dawisha reveals that the Sadrs and the Hakims are prominent clerical families who have â€Å"long been intense rivals for the spiritual leadership of Iraq’s Shias (30). These two young leaders have therefore been at odds not on a matter of party principles or even any national interest but rather for personal reasons. These two young leaders are said to have incited their followers to many bloody battles in the south resulting in the death of many. From these conflicts, it is clear that personal interests of the party leaders take precedence over the interests of the Iraqi people The Kurdish Interestingly, the Kurdish Alliance which is comprised of various Kurdish parties gathered 20% of the 2005 election votes; roughly equal to the Kurdish share of the population (USIP 1 2). While the Kurdish people have been given key positions in the Iraqi government as a result of strive for national unity by the Iraqis, the Kurds are not acting in the interest of national unity. The Kurdish Alliance is united behind a Kurdish nationalist agenda which is interested in a semi autonomous state in the Kurdish north. As such, the Kurdish politicians foster Kurdish identity and hope to have control independent of the rest of Iraq. The loyalty of the Kurds to Iraq is further put to question by the fact that they have a Kurdish Flag which is hoisted by the â€Å"Kurdish Regional Government†. Despite the united front presented by the Kurds, the two main parties in Kurdistan have had a bitter history which culminated in violence back in 1994 (Bengio and Kirmanj 3). The Kurds are made up of Turkman and Christian population these groups take opposing views on some of the important issues that the new Iraq faces. On the issue of secularism, the Kurdish parties support this unanimously and desire a separation of religion and state. The Shia and Sunni fundamentalists on the other hand back the application of Sharia law on the land. With regard to the constitution, the Kurds are pro the idea of federalism which will give them equal status with other federal units as well as enable them to eventually form the Kurdistan Regional Government. Some of the leaders have taken to oppressive actions, not unlike those of Saddam’s regime, to ensure that their positions as leaders are secure. For example, the Kurdish leader Masud Barzani is accused of starting a war against free press as well as detaining his political rivals (Rubin). The Sunni The Sunni Arabs enjoyed leadership for decades under Saddam’s reign. During this regime, all the top military commanders as well as government positions were occupied by Sunnis. Following the fall of Saddam, all this was reversed and the Sunnis were perceived as the enemy. During the 2005 Iraq Elections, t he Arab Sunni community fronted Tawafuq (Iraq Accord Front), an alliance of Sunni parties. The alliance won most of the Sunni votes highlighting the ethical lines along which the people voted. The Iraqi Islamic Party which formed part of the IAF changed leadership in 2005, replacing the Kurd leader with an Arab Sunni who was an articulate spokesman for Sunni views (USIP 15) In the Saddam era, the Sunnis considered themselves to be racially superior to the Kurds as well as religiously superior to the Shia (O’Leary 81). This notion was reinforced by the favoritism that they were afforded by the leader Saddam who was also a Sunni. Following his fall, the Sunnis continued to hold this notion and are therefore opposed to the idea of being lorded over by people they regard as their inferiors. However, the realities of the new Iraq have made the Sunnis accept that they are not the minority group. The Sunnis are for the idea of a strong united Iraq and hold strong nationalist views e ven favoring a centralized government. This non-sectarian view is not shared by the other ethnic groups which do not hold the same secularist ideals. Discussion Blagojevic argues that ethnic conflict may occur as a result of a number of factors including the presence of historical memories of inter-ethnic grievances (3). These memories may then be used by political entrepreneurs to evoke emotions of fear, resentment, and hate towards the others. This is precisely the situation in Iraq where most Kurdish and Shia politicians are promoting ethnic intolerance through manipulation of historical memories. In 2006, Nouri al-Maliki who had just been made prime minister of Iraq stripped hundreds of policemen of their rank and proceeded to replace them with others. Bender notes that this move was not motivated by incompetence on the part of the officers or even their perception as a security threat but rather on the fact that they were Sunnis. Considering the fact that Saddam Hussein’ s Sunni dominated government was repressive to the other ethnic groups, the move by the prime minister was in fear of Iraq experiencing a Sunni renaissance. It should be noted that the US led occupation also strengthened ethnic loyalties in the case of the Sunni for as Berdal documents, the US military viewed Sunni insurgents as seeking the return of Saddam Hussein while insurgent groups from the Shia were perceived to be fighting for nationalistic ideals (97). As a result of these double standards, the Sunnis felt that their nationalist struggle against occupation was being labeled as criminal and the Sunni the political leaders of the Sunni took advantage of this state and consolidated their communities. As has been noted through this paper, some of the reasons for the pronounce division along sectarian and ethical lines is as a result of the previous Saddam regime. Many Iraqis are suspicious as to the intentions of the Sunnis and are unwilling to let them take powerful positions (Gritten). This is because they fear that the Sunnis might relapse into a Saddam like regime. These suspicions that have made the reality of a â€Å"national unity† government hard to achieve are hard to dispense since they are engrained from many years from the Sunni led government. It is this fear that the unscrupulous leaders are prying on and making Iraq even more divided than it was during the oppressive Saddam regime. Solutions Rear states that according to the primordialist approach, â€Å"ethnicity as a collective identity is so deeply rooted in historical experience that is should properly be treated as a given in human relations† (6). Bearing in mind that Iraq has a long history of repression along ethnic lines; it is unlikely that the ethnic divisions in Iraq will fade. While identity plays an important role in Iraqi politics, there has been lack of concession on what the Iraqi identity should be. While the Sunni are for the idea that Iraq should have an Ara b Identity the Kurds oppose this view. In addition, while some of the Sunnis and Shia see an Islamic identity as paramount to the Iraq identity and view an Arab-Islamic Iraq as the only way to promote a unified state, the Kurds favor a secular state. This differences unless resolved only promise to advance sectarian/ethnic oriented politics in Iraq. A radical solution to the Iraqi problem is proposed by Leading political scholars Steven Cook and Douglas Dillion who suggest the imposition of a â€Å"National Unity Dictator†; a national leader who would be willing and mandated to suspend the constitution in order to address the lawlessness that has brought Iraq to the brink and the sectarian militias (Cook and Dillion 7). This â€Å"ideal† leader would be situated between the various ethnic and religious factions and would be an Iraqi nationalist. However, the idea of a National Unity Dictator seems unlikely since the Kurds and the Shia are unlikely to relinquish the sub stantial gains they have achieved since the fall of Saddam. Blagojevic states that ethnic conflicts are not inevitable since peaceful and cooperative ethnic relations are by far more typical than the large scale violence that characterizes Iraq (2). As such, despite the ethnic and sectarian strife that currently characterize Iraq, it is possible to build a political system that can work across ethical and sectarian boundaries therefore benefiting Iraq as a whole. This can be done through ensuring that all the ethnic groups are given an equal opportunity in government therefore reducing the need for division so as to fight for the available resources. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that ethnic and sectarian identity is being manipulated by political leaders in Iraq for their own gains. To reinforce this assertion, this paper has performed an analysis of the major ethnic groups and their leading political parties so as to highlight the role that ethnicity plays in Iraqi politi cs. From the discussions presented herein, it is evident that leaders from the three major ethnic groups; Shia, Sunni and Kurds, all utilize sectarian animosity to advance their own interests. This has resulted in an Iraqi that is more divided than ever and with the threat of seceding from the Kurds even more real. All this has resulted in lack of nationalism and an escalation in violence. However, the reality is not all bleak and there have been moves towards creating national unity and moving away from ethnic based politics. However, for this to become a reality, the institutional and representational imbalances that have led to the ethnic divisions must be effectively addressed. Until then, sectarian and ethnic differences will continue being used by politicians in Iraq to manipulate the population. Works Cited Bengio, Ofra and Kirmanj, Sherko. Elections in Kurdistan: A model Democracy or a Return to Factionalism? 19 Jul. 2009. Web. Blagojevic, Bojana. â€Å"Causes of Ethnic Con flict: A Conceptual Framework.† Journal of Global Change and Governance, Vol 3, No 1, 2009. Bremmer, Ian. â€Å"What will happen to Iraq’s Sunnis in the next government?† Foreign Policy, 30 Sept. 2010 Web. Cook, Steven and Dillion, Douglas. â€Å"Iraq Post 2010.† Center for Global Affairs, 2010. Davis, Eric. â€Å"Rebuilding a Non-Sectarian Iraq.† Strategic Insights, Volume VI, Issue 6, December 2007. Dawisha, Adeed. Iraq: â€Å"A Vote Against Sectarianism.† Journal of Democracy, Volume 21, Number 3, July 2010, pp. 26-40. Gritten, David. â€Å"Long path to Iraq’s Sectarian Split.† BBC News. 25 Feb. 2006. Web. Pollack, Michael. A switch in time: a new strategy for America in Iraq. Brooking Institute Press, 2006. Rubin, Michael. â€Å"New Iraq, Same as the Old Iraq?† National Review. 9 Aug, 2010. Web. United States Institute of Peace (USIP). Iraq’s New Political Map. Diane Publishing, 2007. This research paper on Manipulation of Ethnic Identity by Groups in Iraq was written and submitted by user Nathaly G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Abortion †It Is More Than a Choice

Abortion – It Is More Than a Choice Free Online Research Papers Abortion is the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus, resulting in or caused by its death. This definition doesn’t sound to bad does it? But in all reality abortion is killing a human being and there is no way it can fight back. Most people would say that an embryo or a fetus isn’t a human being, but it is. People hind behind the facts and try and say that abortion is a procedure and that they aren’t killing a person because it isn’t fully grown yet. In all reality the fact is that it is a human and by having an abortion you are murdering your own flesh and blood. How does that sound, killing your own kid just because it may not have of been planned or that you were rapped. There are other ways to get rid of the child like giving it up for adoption but a lot of people don’t think about the child that they are killing they are only thinking about themselves. When you think of abortion what do you think? Are you wondering why the person is aborting there child or do you even think or care that they are at all. Well, let’s examine why a person would have to have an abortion in the first place. Is there really a good reason for having an abortion? Some people say that the kid was unexpected and that they will not be able to care for the child, the response to this is why don’t they just have the kid and then give it up for adoption? It isn’t the child’s fault that you aren’t ready to have kids so why punish them? Other people say that the child is a result of being rapped and that having the kid and seeing it will remind them to much of the horrible event. To this you could say the same response why not just give it up for adoption? When you look at abortion are you even caring about what the child has to offer or are you only thinking about how it is going to affect you? When you think about it abortion is a selfish way to just get out of having to deal with having a child or figure out what to do with the kid. Abortion isn’t a way to get out of having the responsibility of dealing with the pregnancy. It is just a cheap escape with dealing with it. Have some guts and think about what you are doing before you do something as drastic as killing your child. Abortion is also very emotional for a lot of the people who have to go through it or are forced to go through it. You shouldn’t make some one go through something as big as an abortion because if it isn’t your body then it isn’t for you to decide. Abortion is a big step for people but some people just use it as an escape. Like when parents make there kids get an abortion because they think it is for there best good. In all reality when that person grows up it can be a very emotional thing for them and it can actually make a big problem for them in there life. Abortion is a big problem in this time period with people thinking that it is a way to get out of dealing with your problems. When you think about how many problems that abortion can create it isn’t worth it to do. Abortion isn’t worth the entire heart ache because of something that you feel needs taken care of right now. People do drastic things, but if they would just take the time and actually examine what the heck you are doing then they might not have to go through with it. Research Papers on Abortion - It Is More Than a ChoicePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Relationship between Media Coverage and Social andThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and Autumn

Standard Based Grading Measures Student Skills

Standard Based Grading Measures Student Skills What does an A on a test or quiz mean to a student? Mastery of skill or mastery of information or content?   Does an F grade mean a student understands none of the material or less than 60% of the material? How is grading used as feedback for academic performance? Currently, in most middle and high schools (grades 7-12), students receive letter grades or numerical grades in subject areas based on points or percentages. These letter or numerical grades are tied to credits for graduation based on Carnegie units, or the number of  hours of contact time with an instructor.   But what does 75% grade on a math assessment tell a student about his or her specific strengths or weaknesses? What  does a B- grade on a literary analysis essay inform a student about how he or she meets skills sets in organization, content, or conventions of writing?   In contrast to letters or percentages, many elementary and intermediate schools have adopted a standards-based grading system, one that uses a 1-to-4 scale. This 1-4 scale breaks down academic subjects into specific skills needed for a content area.   While these elementary and intermediate schools use standards-based grading may vary in their report card terminology, the most common four-part scale denotes a students level of achievement with descriptors such as: Excels or above grade level (4)Proficient or at grade level (3)Approaching proficiency or approaching grade level (2)Well below proficiency or below grade level (1) A standards-based grading system may be called  competency-based,  mastery-based,  outcome-based,  performance-based, or proficiency-based. Regardless of the name used, this form of a grading system is  aligned to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in English Language Arts and Literacy and in Math, which was established in 2009 and adopted by 42 out of 50 states. Since this adoption, several states have withdrawn from using CCSS in favor of developing their own academic standards. These CCSS standards for literacy and for math were organized in a framework that details specific skills for each grade level in grades K-12. These standards serve as guides for administrators and teachers to develop and implement the curriculum. Each skill in the CCSS has a separate standard, with skill progressions tied to grade levels. Despite the word standard in the CCSS, standards-based grading at the upper-grade levels, grades 7-12, has not been universally adopted. Instead, there is ongoing traditional grading at this level, and most middle and high school use letter grades or percentages based on 100 points. Here is the traditional grade conversion chart: Letter Grade Percentile Standard GPA A+ 97-100 4.0 A 93-96 4.0 A- 90-92 3.7 B+ 87-89 3.3 B 83-86 3.0 B- 80-82 2.7 C+ 77-79 2.3 C 73-76 2.0 C- 70-72 1.7 D+ 67-69 1.3 D 65-66 1.0 F Below 65 0.0 The skill sets outlined in the CCSS for literacy and math can be easily converted  to four point scales, just as they are at the K-6 grade levels. For example, the first reading standard for grade 9-10 states that a student should be able to: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.1Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. Under a traditional grading system with letter grades (A-to-F) or percentages, a score on this reading standard may be difficult to interpret. Advocates of standard based grading will ask, for example, what a score of B or 88% tells a student. This letter grade or percentage is less informative about a student’s skill performance and/or subject mastery.  Instead, they argue, a standards-based system would singularly assess a students skill to cite textual evidence for any content area: English, social studies, science, etc. Under a standards-based assessment system, students could be assessed on their skill to cite using a 1-to-4 scale that featured the following descriptors:   Score 4: excels in citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential OR needs no support;Score 3:  proficient at  citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential  OR needs minimal support;Score 2:  approaching proficiency at citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential OR needs moderate support;Score 1:  below proficiency at citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential OR needs extensive support and/or reteaching. Assessing students on a 1-4 scale  on a particular skill  can provide clear and specific feedback to a student. A standard by standard assessment separates and detail the skills, perhaps on a rubric.  This is less confusing or overwhelming to a student when compared to a combined skills percentage score on 100 point scale. A conversion chart that compares  a traditional grading of an assessment to standards-based graded assessment would look like the following: Letter Grade Standards-Based grade Percentage grade Standard GPA A to A+ Mastery 93-100 4.0 A- to B Proficient 90-83 3.0 to 3.7 C to B- Approaching proficiency 73-82 2.0-2.7 D to C- Below Proficiency 65-72 1.0-1.7 F Below Proficiency Below 65 0.0 Standards-based grading  also allows teachers, students,  and parents to see a grade report that lists overall levels of proficiency on separate skills instead of composite or combined skill scores. With this information, students are better informed in their individual strengths and in their weaknesses as  a standards-based score highlights the skill set(s) or content that need(s) improvement and allows them to target areas for improvement. Furthermore, students would not need to re-do all of a test or assignment if they have demonstrated mastery in some areas. An advocate for standards-based grading is educator and researcher Ken OConnor. In  his chapter,  The Last Frontier: Tackling the Grading Dilemma, in Ahead of the Curve: The Power of Assessment to Transform Teaching and Learning, he notes: Traditional grading practices have promoted the idea of uniformity. The way we are fair is we expect all students do to the same thing in the same amount of time in the same way. We need to move†¦ to the idea that fairness is not uniformity. Fairness is equity of opportunity (p128). OConnor argues that standards-based grading allows for grading differentiation because it  is flexible and can be adjusted up and down as students confront new skills and content. Moreover, no matter where students are in a quarter or semester, a standard based grading system provides students, parents, or other stakeholders an assessment of student understanding in real time. That kind of student understanding may  take place during conferences, such as the ones Jeanetta Jones Miller explained in her article   A Better Grading System: Standards-Based, Student-Centered Assessment in the September 2013 edition of the English Journal. In her description of how standard based grading informs her instruction, Miller writes that it’s important to set up appointments to confer with each student about progress toward mastery of course standards. During the conference, each student receives individual feedback on his or her performance in meeting one or more standards in a content area:   The evaluation conference provides an opportunity for the teacher to make it clear that the student’s strengths and areas for growth are understood and the teacher is proud of the student’s efforts to master the standards that are most challenging. Another benefit to standardized based grading is the separation  of student work habits that are often combined in a grade. At the secondary level, a point penalty for late papers missed homework, and/or uncooperative collaborative behavior is sometimes included in a grade. While these unfortunate social behaviors will not stop with the use of standards-based grading, they may be isolated and given as separate scores  into another category. Of course, deadlines are important, but factoring in behaviors such as turning an assignment in on time or not has the effect of watering down an overall grade. To counter such behaviors, it may be possible to have a student turn in an assignment that still meets a mastery standard but does not meet a set deadline. For example, an essay assignment may still achieve a 4 or exemplary score on skills or content, but the academic behavior skill in turning in a late paper may receive a 1 or below proficiency score. Separating behavior from skills also has the effect of preventing students from receiving the kind of credit that simply completing work and meeting deadlines has had in distorting measures of academic skill.   There are, however, many educators, teachers and administrators alike, who do not see advantages to adopting a standards-based grading system at the secondary level. Their arguments against standards-based grading primarily reflect concerns at the instructional level. They stress that the  transition to a standards-based grading system, even if the school is from one of the 42 states using the CCSS, will require teachers to spend immeasurable amounts of time on extra planning, preparation, and training. In addition, any statewide initiative to move to standards-based learning may be difficult to fund and manage. These concerns may be a reason enough not to adopt standards-based grading. Classroom time can also be a concern for teachers when  students do not reach proficiency on a skill. These students will need reteaching and reassessment placing another demand on curriculum pacing guides. While this reteaching and reassessment by skill does create  additional work for classroom teachers, however, advocates for  standards-based grading note that this process may help teachers to refine their instruction. Rather than add to continuing student confusion or misunderstanding, reteaching may improve later understanding. Perhaps the strongest objection to standards-based grading is based on the concern that standards-based grading might put high school students at a disadvantage when applying to college. Many stakeholders -parents, students teachers, guidance counselors, school administrators-believe that college admissions officers will only evaluate students based on their letter grades or GPA, and that GPA must be in numerical form. Ken OConnor disputes that concern suggesting that secondary schools are in the position to issue both traditional letter or numerical grades and standards-based grades at the same time. â€Å"I think it’s unrealistic in most places to suggest that (GPA or letter grades) are going to go away at the high school level,† O’Connor agrees, but the basis for determining these might be different. He proposes that schools might base their letter-grade system on the percentage of grade-level standards a student meets in that particular subject and that schools can set their own standards based on GPA correlation.   Renowned author and education consultant Jay McTighe  agrees with OConnor, â€Å"You can have letter grades and standards-based grading as long as you clearly define what those (letter-grade) levels mean.† Other concerns are that standards-based grading can mean the loss of class ranking or honor rolls and academic honors. But OConnor points out that high schools and universities confer degrees with highest honors, high honors, and honors and that ranking students to the hundredth of a decimal may not be the best way to prove academic superiority. Several New England states will be at the forefront of this restructuring of grading systems. An article in  The  New England Journal of Higher Education Titled directly addressed the question of college admissions with standard based grading transcripts. The states of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire have all passed legislation to implement proficiency or standards-based grading in their secondary schools.   In support of this initiative, a study in Maine titled Implementation of a Proficiency-Based Diploma System: Early Experiences in Maine  Ã‚  (2014) by Erika K. Stump and David L. Silvernail used a  two-phase, qualitative approach in their research and found: ...that benefits [of proficiency grading] include improved student engagement, greater attention to development of robust interventions systems and more deliberate collective and collaborative professional work. Maine schools are expected to establish a proficiency-based diploma system by 2018. The New England Board of Higher Education (NEBHE) and the New England Secondary School Consortium (NESSC) met in 2016 with admissions leaders from highly selective New England colleges and universities and discussion was the subject of an article How Selective Colleges and Universities Evaluate Proficiency-Based High School Transcripts (April 2016) by Erika  Blauth and Sarah Hadjian. The discussion revealed that college admissions officers are less concerned with grade percentages  and more concerned that grades must always be based on clearly specified learning criteria.   They also noted that: Overwhelmingly, these admissions leaders indicate that students with proficiency-based transcripts will not be disadvantaged in the highly selective admissions process. Moreover, according to some admissions leaders, features of the proficiency-based transcript model shared with the group provide important information for institutions seeking not just high-performing academics, but engaged, lifelong learners. A review of the information on standards-based grading at the secondary level shows that implementation will require careful planning, dedication, and follow through for all stakeholders. The benefits for students, however, could be worth the considerable effort.

How to address the pain points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to address the pain points - Essay Example This therefore means that they never worked in reference to the mission of the Company. This misunderstanding therefore led to the poor performance. Working when as a team raises the team spirit thereby leading to the increase in productivity (Eugene 2000). Another better way of improving the productivity of the team is by the delegation of duties appropriately in the team. The leaders are then appointed from the members. Through this, there will be an improved effective way of communication within the team. Poor communication is a major cause of business failure. it is therefore important to highlight that through roper communication, the team will always be punctual to whichever job they are called upon to do. Communication is a very crucial factor in any business institution; it also enhances readiness for the members. This in the long run is for the better of the Company in regards to productivity (Eugene 2000).. Another important way for the improvement of the company’s productivity is by making arrangements in advance, proper accounting and record keeping. A company that has well kept records makes finds it easier in doing counter checking on the progress of its progress (Eugene 2000). It is therefore important for the IncredibleApps Company to develop better ways of communicating with the employees. Proper planning is too ideal for the company as well as effective supervision of the workers by the

Ethical Line in Journalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical Line in Journalism - Assignment Example Hubert could have instinctively gone to a journalistic mode lives, taking pictures of the wreck. Â  By the fact that the story involved elements of good ethics in journalism, it was an appropriate piece for editors. Although the photojournalist failed to capture the main event at the scene, he chooses to try and help the stranger. It was a heroic deed by the people involved which was worth broadcasting. Â  The journalist involvement, in this case, helped shift the media focus from the accident itself to the moral and ethical aspects of journalism. The choice not to shoot photographs immediately tell of a journalist who is more concerned with the welfare of the needy as opposed to him doing his core duties. Â  Redbook crossed an ethical line in journalism the time they selected to put Aniston on the front page using a manipulated stock photo. They did not obtain permission from her. The magazine chose to use an edited photo crossing an ethical line once again. They deceived readers who believe the picture was real when in reality it was not. In contrast, Hubert chose not be intrusive and revealing but to be helpful to a perishing woman. Â  Herbert's thinking is in line with Garry's steps. He chooses not to make the moment of the suffering women public, and alternatively, he decided to help. For him photographing the women could have sent them into more trauma. He remained as least obtrusive as possible, taking pictures only after the saving the women. Additionally, he chose to act with compassion, and he was sensitive to their need for help. Â  The craft in the photo is good. It is telling the story of pain, a woman in agony. People are helping her. Someone is offering some water, and a hand is holding her by the shoulder. It shows that the agony is over for the woman, and people are trying to calm and comfort her. Â  

Child Development Punishment and Deterrence Essay Example for Free

Child Development Punishment and Deterrence Essay When discuss children and issues that we have with them we to be sensitive and have a sympathetic ear meaning we have to listen before we disciple them. We will discuss how to use techniques and solutions that can prevent our children from committing mistakes that can be fatal. With children now they have pretty much gotten away with disrespecting no just adults and the parent but themselves as well. So we find ways to discipline them by taking away video game and leisure time but that sometimes does work why, is because we have spent so much time buying things to occupy their time due to our absence and lack of discipline when the time is appropriate. Now the child has gotten away with so much while he or she is little they tend to be more bold with words and more disrespectful and then we have had it and want them out or we want help from others if you ask me it’s no one else’s business it should stay in the family. This is because if this gets out about your child misbehaving it can go both ways, it can help you ask far reaching out for help because others have the same problems and can’t find a solution so the group can work together and find ways to fix the problem. Or you can take your child to Dr. Phil which to me is embarrassing because you actually have to expose this problem to the world about a child! You can’t raise your or control your household where you pay bills, and provide a roof with food and water available at any time â€Å"DISRESPECTFUL†. We tend to use the old ways of punishment like belts and extension cords etc. But you can’t do that anymore we have counseling, psychiatrists, and the law! I say the law because now if you hit a child and he or she calls the police you’re going to jail and will be frowned upon and possibly humiliated. The belt method in my opinion should be used from ages 2-10 I know it sound harsh but I rather punish my child now than see them in a grave later because of lack of acknowledgement of what right and what’s wrong this could be a life and death situation. Here is an example remember the â€Å"Menendez Brothers† Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their parents, Jose and Kitty, to death in the den of the familys Beverly Hills, California, home. They then drove up to Mulholland Drive, where they dumped their shotguns before continuing to a local movie theater to buy tickets as an alibi. When the pair returned home, Lyle called 911 and cried, Somebody killed my parents! The Menendez murders became a national sensation when the new television network, Court TV, broadcast the trial in 1993. Although the Menendez brothers were not immediately suspected, Erik couldnt take the guilt and confessed his involvement to his psychotherapist, Dr. L. Jerome Oziel. Ignoring his own ethical responsibilities, Dr. Oziel taped the sessions with his new patient in an apparent attempt to impress his mistress. But the woman ended up going to the police with her information and, in March 1990, Lyle, 22, and Erik, 19, were arrested. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parents Now we can debate why did these children do this? Is it because of lack of punishment maybe the kids were spoiled and had nothing to challenge them and decided to make names for them by creating a violent episode, or maybe they we sick psychologically what do you think? More than 20% of the inmates in the cook county jail range from ages 16-30. This is very true because crime for these individuals have risen due to the fact of single home parenting while results in most cases kids joining gangs and being embraced by the streets. I have a clue but I can’t really tell you why these crimes are so high it’s like they have little no regards for the law. But we have to teach them when they are young and encourage them to do better and live a long life and show them why crime doesn’t pay versus telling them. No as far as deterrence this is a problem and I’m going to tell you of my experience being a soldier put in that position. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana it was so tragic that for everyone to see around the world was involved in the recovery efforts. I volunteered to go down and do whatever so I served as a second hand but only in uniform. But when my unit got called up to go down there we had a mission to patrol the streets and put up road blocks and issue a curfew. This was not good we had stopped a few people and I could see the terror in their eyes because they had men in uniform that had US Army insignia with M-16’s like we were at war. We were supposed to be helping others not putting more resistance on them as far as taking away there last bit of freedom but we had no choice because the police were corrupt and had fled the state so we were now the lawmen as well as the rescuers. Here we are with these large vehicles rolling down the street 5-10 HUMVEE’s in a row with all this gear, this made people more afraid that safe they didn’t know what to do. But the point is that if we launch our on people against each other its’ like genocide what would happen if you had relative that were known for trouble in Kentucky and you are deployed down there and have to confront one of them in an effort to clean up and make peace this is difficult do you arrest them, talk to them, engage them your own blood? Military should be the last and final resort. I just believe the FBI and its task force should be deployed in a summer and take over the streets because they carry stiffer penalties when you commit crimes of violent nature such as murder and possession of firearms etc. References (http://www.nicic.gov/) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parents

Telecommunications and Networking Report :: Telecommunications Technology Essays

Telecommunications and Networking Report 1.â€Å"Free Web Services Challenge AOL’s Dominance† - Internet business analysts generally are not yet convinced of the viability of the free web service business model for bring profitable. None-the-less, most agree that the free access will probably take a significant chunk of AOL’s market share before running out of investor’s money. 2.â€Å"Visitalk.com Builds White Pages for Web Phone Calls† - Visitalk.com has unveiled plans to simplify the routing of phone calls over the Internet. They will provide a directory service which will provide subscribers with a unique 12 digit Internet phone number. The directory will capture user’s current IP address and update their database, serving as a switchboard for Internet phone calls which are routed over IP. This solves a major problem with the fact that IP addresses change for users as they move from computer to computer. 3.â€Å"Cisco to But Software Maker for $325 Million† – Cisco Systems agreed to acquire WebLine Communications, a software maker producing e-mail routing and collaborating software. WebLine is to be assimilated into Cisco’s Applications Technology Group. This was Cisco’s 12th acquisition this year. 4.â€Å"Firm Agrees to Purchase Cable-Modem Technology† – Intel agreed to purchase the cable modem technology of Stanford Telecommunications, Inc. The deal puts Intel face to face in the marketplace with Broadcom Corp., which currently holds the majority market share for cable modem chips. 5.â€Å"Qualcomm Pact Targets Wireless Network Products† – Lucent Technologies signed a development agreement with Qualcomm to product wireless networking equipment. Qualcomm will give its CDMA technology, including chips and software to Lucent. Lucent plans to have trial systems utilizing the technology in place next year. 6.â€Å"MCI Worldcom, Sprint Ponder Merger† – The world’s second and third largest long-distance carriers are in talks are in talks over a possible merger. The deal would give MCI it’s only nationwide wireless network. An obvious stumbling block over such a large telcom merger would be close scrutiny by regulators. It is also expected that regional Bell companies may soon have permission to compete in the long distance market as well. 7.â€Å"Earthlink and MindSpring to Merge, Forming No. 2 Internet Access Firm† – This deal makes the new Internet Provider second only to AOL. The combined company will have 3 million subscribers, still a far cry from AOL’s 18 million, but none-the-less a viable competitor. 8. â€Å"Teledesic ‘Sky Internet’ May Start Sooner† – Teledesic chief Craig McCaw is attempting to raise funds for his planned ‘Sky Internet.

Advantages of Medical Isolation and Quarantine Essay

Advantages of Medical Isolation and Quarantine Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to many health experts, medical isolation and quarantine does very little in curbing the spread of contagious diseases (Kliff). Although isolation and quarantine tend to have some similarities, they are very different. According to studies, whereas isolation involves the seclusion of people infected with contagious diseases, quarantine is the seclusion of people who are not sick but have been exposed to a contagious disease (â€Å"Diffen†). Although isolation and quarantine are different, they have one main objective, which is to prevent further spreading of contagious diseases in a society. Isolation and quarantine comes alongside a number of advantages. For instance, in addition to minimizing the spread of contagious diseases, placing people under medical isolation and quarantine also assists in neutralizing deadly diseases such as Ebola. By providing a detailed analysis of both isolation and quarantine, the study intend s to provide an argument on their advantages. Neutralizing Contagious Diseases   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Placing people under medical isolation or quarantine is quite beneficial to any society. This is because through medical isolation and quarantine, a nation is able to neutralize any contagious disease, hence, preventing it from becoming spreading any further. When sick people have been placed under medical isolation, chances of further spreading of the disease are minimized compared to if they were treated in public places. In order to make the isolation process successful, it is vital that these patients be secluded from the public. According to Stambaugh (5), the quarantine process is normally conducted in five phases. For instance, after the decision to quarantine has been reached, the next phase is to locate a quarantine area and ensuring that the quarantine process is maintained. Locating a quarantine area normally depends on the number of people that require quarantine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After successfully maintaining the quarantine, the next phases are demobilization and recovery (Stambaugh 5). Apart from hospitals, isolation can also be done in special healthcare facilities or in the patient’s homes. The case is however different for quarantine, this is because, unlike in isolation, people exposed to contagious diseases are placed in quarantines, which can either be located in designated emergency facilities as well as specialized hospitals. This is normally in a move to prevent these people from making any contacts with the public until the incubation period of the diseases elapses. Proper Medical Attention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Placing people under medical isolation and quarantine also enables medical practitioners to offer appropriate medical attention to patients. The recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa is one example of how medical isolation and quarantine can minimize further spreading of the disease. If it were not for medical isolation and quarantine processes, the disease would have spread throughout Africa as well as other continents. According to Resnikoff, all the people who tested positive for the Ebola virus were placed under isolation, which was in a move to offer them proper medical attention in addition to minimizing further spreading of the disease.The large number of deaths reported due to the Ebola outbreak prompted many nations to set up quarantine facilities in order to attend to all citizens coming from the Ebola stricken nations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Citizens coming from Ebola stricken nations were normally placed in quarantine for a period of twenty-one days, which is usually the incubation period of the Ebola virus. It was only after the twenty-one days that citizens were allowed to see their families, that is if they had tested negative for the Ebola virus. If they tested positive for the virus, they were then moved from quarantine to isolation where they were to were to under special treatment and monitoring. Minimizing of Medical Expenses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Apart from neutralizing the disease as well as offering proper medical attention, another advantage of medical isolation and quarantine is that it minimizes excessive medical expenditures (â€Å"NCSL†). When there is an outbreak of a contagious disease, many people are likely to be infected. This implies that a nation is likely to spend a lot of money on purchasing medication drugs as well as hiring international medical practitioners to aid in controlling the disease. In order to avoid these expenses, it is normally essential that nations embrace the medical isolation as well as quarantine programs in a move to minimize their expenses. According to my opinion, the main reason why West Africa was greatly affected by the Ebola outbreak was because they were not quick in establishing isolation and quarantine centers, hence, allowing the disease to spread rapidly. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medical isolation is the process where sick people are secluded from the public in a move to prevent further spreading of a disease. Although quarantine is similar to isolation, people secluded through quarantine are not sick but were exposed to a contagious disease. Medical isolation and quarantine have a number of advantages to a society. For instance, through isolation and quarantine, a nation is in a position to curb the spreading of a contagious disease. Apart from curbing the spread of diseases, when people are placed under medical isolation and quarantine, this enables medical practitioners to offer proper medication since it will be easy to monitor any changes once they occur. Additionally, medical isolation and quarantine also reduce medical expenses of a nation. This is because once a disease has been neutralized in the isolation and quarantine centers, a nation will only spend little amount of money to treat the infected. References Diffen.Isolationvs.Quarantine.2014.Web2015. Kliff, Sarah. â€Å"3 reasons public health experts think Ebola quarantines are a  terrible  idea.† VOX. 2014. Web. 2015. < http://www.vox.com/2014/10/28/7079147/three-reasons-public-health-experts-think-ebola-quarantines-are-a> NCSL. State Quarantine and Isolation Statutes. 2014. Web. 2015. http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-quarantine-and-isolation-statutes.aspx Resnikoff, Ned. â€Å"Ebola quarantine policy sparks controversy in medical community.† MSNBC. 2014. Web. 2015. < http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/doctors-question-ebola-quarantine-policy> Stambaugh, Hollis. Quarantine Facilities for Arriving Air Travelers: Identification of Planning Needs and Costs. 2008. Print. Source document

Energy Drinks Essay

The strategically relevant components for the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment are market growth rate, market size, segmentation and scope of rivalry. Economic characteristics of alternative beverage segment differ from other beverage categories in several ways. The market size for alternative beverage was $40. 2 billion globally and $17 billion in the United States, while the market size for other beverages was $ 1,548. 3 and $28. 9 billion globally. Market growth rate for alternative beverages between 2005 and 2009 was 9. 8 percent while for other beverages it was 2. 6 percent. Question two The competition in the alternative beverage market was strong. Pepsi and Coca-Cola were competing for the top spot in the production and distribution of their beverages. The strongest competitive force was bargaining power and leverage of buyers. Most stores were negotiating for lower prices since they bought the beverages in large quantities. Since Pepsi and Coke had an established brand, their alternative beverages found automatic shelf space in most stores and wholesale clubs. The weakest of the five competitive forces was the bargaining power and leverage of suppliers. The reason is that the packaging from different suppliers was similar, thus it was easy to substitute the packaging from most suppliers, and thus they had weak bargaining power. The competitive force that seems to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness is competition from substitutes. This is why there were many substitutes to alternative beverages that were sold at lower prices. The competitive force with the greatest effect on profitability of new entrants is a threat of entry. Question three The market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced drinks is changing in several ways. There is innovation of products with the rise of drinks containing additional nutrients and introduction of energy shots. Furthermore, the industry is also considering consolidation options in an attempt of reducing distribution costs, for example Coca-Cola distributed Hansen’s Monster energy drink. The drivers of change are changes in the long-term growth rate, industry consolidation and introduction of new innovative products into the industry. The forces individually or collectively may not cause big changes in the attractiveness of the industry. The reason for that is there is no evidence that the big companies of alternative beverages will practice unhealthy and aggressive competition for market dominance. Question Four My strategic group map of energy drinks, sports drink and vitamin enhanced beverage industry is categorized by considering the scope of geographic distribution of producers and brand portfolio. Pepsi and Coca-Cola are positioned favorably since they compete internationally and have a strong brand portfolio. Hansen Natural is a dominant brand company since Monster energy drink accounts for 90 percent of its sales. The success of this company is mainly contributed by strong supply chain due to its partnership with Coca-Cola and Anheurser-Busch distributions. Rockstar Inc is also successful in this map since it has a strong distribution chain offered by Pepsi. However, Dream Water and Living Essentials are positioned poorly in this map since their distributions are only regionally located and they only offer a single brand. Question five Several key success factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers. One of these factors is the brand image. Producers with a strong brand image created by extensive advertisement campaigns and endorsement from celebrity athletes enjoyed big sales. Furthermore, products with strong supply chain and distribution network, for example Coca-Cola and Pepsi, had bigger market share. Companies with good innovative skills due to extensive research and product development had more sales since they developed new categories such as energy shots. Companies with huge sales volume enjoyed economies of scale and thus they were able to cover their sales and distribution costs. Question six Coca-Cola should adopt several recommendations to improve its competitiveness in the alternative beverage industry. It should consider increasing its sales in Europe and Asia by conducting extensive market campaigns in these regions. Moreover, it should consider increasing its innovation efforts in order to regain its market share in energy drinks. Another recommendation is considering 5-Hour energy in an attempt of increasing its overall brand portfolio. Pepsi should consider adopting image building campaigns brands such as Amp and Double Shot since their overall market share in Europe has been declining. The company should also consider developing its own energy shot brand in order to diversify its brand portfolio; It would be a good idea to consider introducing energy shots to Europe, Middle East and Austria, since these markets are feasible. Red Bull GmbH should increase its innovation efforts in an attempt to increase its market share in Europe and United States. It should also improve its performance in the new energy shots it introduced in the market.

How to Use the Ball Game as an Icebreaker for Groups

How to Use the Ball Game as an Icebreaker for Groups An icebreaker game, activity, or exercise is a great way to kick off a class, workshop, meeting, or group gathering. Icebreakers can: Serve as introductions for strangersFacilitate conversationEncourage group interactionBuild trustEnergize group membersEncourage teamworkBuild team skills Icebreaker games are most effective in groups of three or more people. To give you an example of how an icebreaker works, were going to take a look at a classic icebreaker game that can be used for both small and large groups. This icebreaker game is traditionally known as the Ball Game.   How to Play the Classic Ball Game The classic version of the Ball Game is designed to be used as an icebreaker for a group of strangers who have never met each other. This icebreaker game is perfect for a new class, workshop, study group, or project meeting.   Ask all of the participants to stand in a circle. Make sure they are not too far apart or too close together. Give one person a small ball (tennis balls work well) and ask them to throw it to someone else in the circle. The person who catches it says their name and throws it to another person who does the same. As the ball moves around the circle, everyone in the group gets to learn one another’s name. Ball Game Adaptation for People Who Are Acquainted With Each Other The classic version of the Ball Game doesnt work very well if everyone in the group knows each others names. However, the game can be adapted for people who are acquainted with each other but still dont know each other very well. For example, members of various departments within an organization might know each others names, but since they dont work closely together on a daily basis, they might not know very much about each other. The Ball Game can help people get to know each other better. It also works well as a team-building icebreaker.   As with the original version of the game, you should ask group members to stand in a circle and take turns tossing a ball to each other. When someone catches the ball, they will state something about themselves. To make this game easier, you could establish a topic for the answers. For example, you could establish that the person catching the ball has to state their favorite color before tossing the ball to the next person, who will also call out their favorite color.   Some other sample topics for this game include: Say one thing you like about your jobDescribe yourself in one wordName your favorite bookIdentify your biggest strengthIdentify your biggest weakness Ball Game Tips Be sure that you remind participants to throw the ball gently so that nobody gets hurt.Make this icebreaker game more fun by timing the exercise and seeing how fast the participants can get the ball around the circle.Try to select a topic that fits the participants and the goal of the icebreaker.

How to Pay for College Without Parents Help

How to Pay for College Without Parents' Help SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Paying for school is daunting enough when you have the financial support of your family. But for students whose parents can’t or won’t contribute to expenses, figuring out how to pay for college on your own becomes a whole different challenge. In this guide, I'll lay out everything you need to consider about how to pay forcollege without parents and all the steps you need to take. Table of Contents Fair warning: we're going to be talking abouta lotof stuff in this article. So here's a table of contents for you to use as a quick reference: Paying for College On Your Own: Why it Matters What Does College Even Cost? Minimizing Your College Costs: Instructions for Any Cost-Conscious Student Steps to Take if Your Parents Won't Pay What You Should Do if You're an Independent Student Closing the Gap: How to Cover Your Remaining Costs Creative Ways to Fund Your Education Example Scenarios What's Next? Paying for College on Your Own: Why It Matters The most significant sources of student financial aid are need-based. This means that family financial need is the main criterion taken into account when determining aid eligibility. Your finances are not considered separately from your family’s finances when aid sources determine financial need. This is the case even if your parents can't or won't help you pay for college. So why is it such a big deal if you can't count on your family to contribute to expenses? First, it's assumed that your parents are your family’s primary earners. As a student, you likely earn little to no money. If financial need were only based on a student applicant’s finances, everyone would be eligible for financial aid (spoiler art: not everyone is eligible for need-based financial aid). You’re considered a dependent of your parents, which means they’re the ones primarily responsible for funding your education. This is the case even if your parents don’t claim you as a dependent when they do your taxes. This is also true even if you can show that you’re self-sufficient and don’t depend on your parents for financial support, or if your parents are divorced. If families across the country could pay less for college by claiming that their kids are financially independent, financial aid sources would be overwhelmed. The conclusion here? Federal and school-based financial need arebased on your family’s overall finances. If your parents don’t submit their financial information for consideration, you won’t be eligible for most forms of aid. If they do submit their financial info and they’re low-need, you won’t be eligible for most forms of aid. You’d think that aid sources would have different aid eligibility criteria for students whose parents don’t want to pay for school, but this isn’t the case. If your parents refuse topay, the federal and institutional funding sources will likely wash their hands of the problem. This is a frustrating and unfair situation for any student to be in. You may feel you’re at a disadvantage here- and to be honest, you are. But whatever the reason that your parents won’t be contributing to your college education, there are steps you can take to maximize your aid eligibility. It won’t necessarily be as easy as paying for college with familial support, but it’s definitely not impossible. One of the best parts of going to college is the sense of freedom and independence that comes with adulthood. You have options and autonomy here as a young adult- so let’s get started figuring outhow to pay for college without parents. What Does College Even Cost? For the 2018-2019academic year, the average annual cost of tuition and fees was: $35,676at private colleges $9,716for state residents at public colleges $21,629for non-state residents at public colleges The cost of tuition and fees is usually the first expense that comes to mind when peoplethink about paying for college. Unfortunately, there’s a lot more to the picture than just tuition costs- there are hidden or implicit expenses associated with spending a year at college. Here are some of the biggest hidden costs you might encounter based on average amounts from 2018-2019: Room and board:averages $12,680at private 4-year colleges, $,140at public 4-year colleges College textbooks:about $1,240 Travel costs:vary widely based where you are and where you're going. For example, if you're going to anurban college, you might be able to take public transportation anywhere you want to go. But if you go to school across the country, you'll probably have to buy plane tickets to travel home over holidays or summer break. Lab fees and supplies:about $50 per class if they're not already rolled into fees Personal expenses:about $2,000,but this cost will fluctuate drastically based on a) the cost of living of your area, b) your budgeting skills, and c) your standard of living. Lumping together all of these expenses (especially if you can estimate travel costs and personal expenses) will give you a school’s real sticker price- also known as the Cost of Attendance, or CoA. It’s pretty easy to get an estimate of a school’s CoA- just google â€Å"[school name] cost of attendance.† To get a more detailed explanation of all these expenses, including tips and strategies for reducing costs, check our guide to what college will really cost you. Just a quick glance at these numbers will tell you that college is probably too expensive for you to cover on your own. What’s more important than sticker price, however, is your â€Å"net price† at a particular school:it’s what you pay after all financial aid is taken into account. This is what you actually oweout of pocketfor a year of college. Want to estimate your net price at almost any college? Just google â€Å"[school name] net price calculator.† Many schools have a tool built into their websites that will give you an estimate of how much you’ll pay out of pocket. These calculators take financial need and sometimes merit-based factors into account. Sometimes, though, the net price is still daunting, especially if you’ll be tackling it on your own. The rest of the post will be focusing on minimizing this net price, starting with smart college application strategies. Minimizing Your College Costs: Instructions for Any Cost-Conscious Student What do you do if you don't have access to a ton of resources? You try to minimize your costs from the start. If you’re applying to schools with price in mind, your strategy should focus on lowest net price, not necessarily lowest sticker price. Naturally, the best way to decrease your costs is to apply to schools that will offer you low netprices. Once you’ve been accepted to schools, you’ll receive official financial aid packages. You can then determine which packages you’re most comfortable with. Here are the types of schools that will give you the best deals. Top Private Schools A lot of well-ranked schools (including Ivy League universities and top liberal arts colleges) have especially generous financial policies. The bulk of financial aid at these schools tends to be need-based, not merit-based, so you may not get much aid if you come from a wealthy background. Notably, the Cost of Attendance (or sticker price) for these schools will likely be higher than those ofpublic schools. You might be wondering what constitutes a "wealthy" background according to these schools. Thevery top schools- think Harvard, Princeton, Yale- sometimes give aid to families who make $150,000 and up. For families who are wealthier than that, Harvard asks them to contribute no more than 10% of total income. The bottom line is that these competitive schools can even afford to help out families who are relatively well-off. This means that even if your parents don’t pay for school, you could still be eligible for generous aid based on your family’s financial situation. Schools That Offer Generous Merit-Based Aid If you’re a high-achieving student but don’t think you’ll qualify for much need-based aid based on your family’s finances, you should look into schools that offer generous merit scholarships. Schools with generous merit-based aid programs often offer scholarships to attract competitive students. If you have a particular talent (e.g. if you're an athlete or musician), or if you have high grades and test scores, you could be offered some pretty large scholarships. If you're interested in a particular school, just google "[school name] scholarships" to see what sort of aid they offer. You can also start bychecking our list of schools with the best financial aid. Public Schools Public colleges and universitiescan be reasonably priced for in-state studentsbut very expensive for out-of-state students. They also offer much less generous financial aid packages than some of the top private schools, although they may offer more merit-based aid to attract competitive applicants. if you’re interested in attending a public university and won’t be getting assistance from your parents, you should definitely apply to a wide range of in-state schools. Steps to Take If Your Parents Won't Pay Here's where we start getting intothe nitty-gritty steps ofpaying for your education. After strategically applying to schools, the most effective way to cover your college expenses is to apply for as much financial aid as possible. Even if your parents don’t want to contribute financially to your college education, there are ways that they can help make financial aid available to you. The bottom line is that more financial aidmeans a lower net price. Like I mentioned earlier, the main sources of financial aid are federal and institutional (i.e. aid from your school). You can still qualify for aid from these sources if your parents won't be paying for any part of your school expenses, but you’ll need your parents’ help in applying. Assuming you’re already using the college application strategies that I’ve discussed above, here are the steps you should take in order to maximize your aid eligibility: Step 1: Submit a FAFSA, or Free Application for Federal Student Aid This is the only application you'll need to submit to qualify for federal aid. Many schools also use the FAFSA to award their own aid. In order to qualify forthings like the Pell Grant, Perkins loan, or Direct Subsidized loan, you'll need to submit your parents' financial information even if they won't be contributing. For detailed instructions on submitting this application, check out our guide to applying for financial aid or ourguide to the FAFSA. Step 2: Apply for Scholarships You can receive funding for schools through private organizations that offer grants or scholarships. If your family is low-need, apply for merit-based awards;if your family is high-need, you can apply for both merit- and need-based awards. There are so many scholarship programs out there- national, local, big, small. You should do your own scholarship search by looking for awards that are tailored to your interests, background, location, and ethnicity. Start off by checking out our guides to top scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. Once you have a plan for submitting a FAFSA and applying for scholarships, you'll need to talk with your parent or guardians about getting the information you need from them. It's important to start an open dialogue about financial aid with your parents. How to Talk to Your Parents About Applying for Financial Aid If your parents can’t or won’t pay for college expenses, they may be wary about filling out a FAFSA or giving out financial information for need-based scholarships. It's important toassure them that submitting a complete FAFSA with their financial information does not obligate them to help you pay for college. The FAFSA has nothing to do with your bills or college expenses...it’s simply an aid application. Bottom line: if they refuse to help you with your FAFSA, they’re not protecting themselves. They’re just impeding you from qualifying for financial aid. What if, though, they're just overwhelmed by the process of completing and submitting a FAFSA? If this is the case, you can let them know that the FAFSA only takes 2-3 hours to complete. You could even do it on your own if you have your family's financial information handy: Social Security Numbers for you and your parents Alien Registration Numbers (if you or your parents aren't US citizens) Recent federal tax returns, W-2s, and other records or income for both you and your parents Any records of untaxed income The sooner you submit your FAFSA, the better, so don't put off having these discussions with your parents or guardians! What You Should Do If You're an Independent Student If you're classified as independent, you'll be doing things a little differently. If you’re still in high school, chances are that you are a dependent student, and everything I’ve written so far will apply to you. In other words, your family’s finances will be an important factor in determining how much aid you’re eligible for. But not all students who attend college will be considered dependents, and as such, they won’t need to submit their parents’ financial info for consideration when they fill out their FAFSA. Independent students don’t have to pay for college on their own. Parents canhelp if they’d like, but both colleges and the FDOE award aid under the assumption that independents will be paying their own way. This will work to your advantage when it comes to aid eligibility, particularly if your parents are relatively wealthy. If your family’s finances aren’t considered when schools and the federal government determine aid eligibility, you'll likely receive more need-based aid. Who Qualifies as an Independent? You may be considered independent if: You’ll be 24 or older by 12/31 of the school year for which you’re applying for aid You’ll be in school for a post-grad degree You’re married or separated (but not divorced) You have children who receive more than half of their financial support from you You have dependents (besides children or a spouse) who live with you and receive more than half of their financial support from you You were a ward/dependent of the court, in foster care, or both your parents were deceased at any point after you turned 13 You’re an emancipated minor or in a legal guardianship as determined by a court You’re an unaccompanied youth who is homeless, or self-supporting and at risk of being homeless You’re currently serving on active duty in the US armed forces for purposes other than training You’re a veteran of the US armed forces The FAFSA asks all necessary questions to determine independent/dependent student status, so just answer the prompts honestly when you fill out the application. What If You Don’t Meet the Above Criteria? If you don’t qualify as an independent student but strongly feel that your parents’ financial information shouldn’t be considered when you submit your FAFSA, you should look into a dependency override. A dependency overrideis when financial aid administrators change a student’s status from dependent to independent so that they aren’t required to submit parents’ financial info for consideration on the FAFSA. As a result, the student will likely qualify for much more need-based aid. Dependency overrides are very rare, though. 896rxwhat you think may count as an â€Å"unusual situation† may be discounted by federal financial aid administrators. Here are some situations that will not qualify for dependency overrides: Parents simply refuse to pay for any college expenses Parents are unwilling to provide any information on the FAFSA for verification Parents don’t claim you as a dependent for income tax purposes You (the student) demonstrate total financial self-sufficiency Here are some situations that MAY qualify for dependency overrides: An abusive family environment (e.g. sexual, physical, or mental abuse or other forms of domestic violence) Abandonment by parents Incarceration or institutionalization of both parents Parents lack the physical or mental capacity to raise a child Parents' whereabouts are unknown, or parents can’t be located Parents hospitalized for an extended period An unsuitable household (e.g. you’re removed from the household and placed in foster care) Your spouse dies, or you get divorced If any of these situations apply to you, you may need to present evidence or documentation to support your circumstances. Dependency overrides are decided on a case-by-case basis- if you think you might apply for one, you should read more about the process. Closing the Gap: How to Cover Your Remaining Costs You're almost at the finish line. At this point, you should have an idea of whether you're(1) high-need or low-need and (2) dependent or independent. You should also have an idea of the types of schools you'll apply to- for example, top private schools, in-state public schools, schools with generous merit aid, or some combination. After you submit your college applications, you’ll receive financial aid packages from schools with all the federal aid and school-based aid you’re eligible for, including grants, scholarships, and some federal loan options. You’ll decide what forms of aid you want to accept, and which ones you’d prefer not to take. Here, I'll briefly discuss the types of aid you may receive, and which types are better than other. Grants and Scholarships: These equate tofree money. You should acceptthis aid if it’s available to you. Loans: Loans are amounts of money that you have to pay back after you graduate, plus interest charges. Some loans are much better than others, meaning you'll end up paying less money in the long run. Federal loans are generally good options because they often have lower interest rates. There are a lot of important considerations if you're thinking about taking out loans, so it's important to educate yourself! Read more about federal loans like the Perkins, Direct Subsidized, and Direct Unsubsidized. You should also learn more about how to apply for student loans andreducingthe amount of student debt that you have to take on. Financial aid packages often build in a parental contribution based on family’s finances. If your parents won’t be contributing this amount, it becomes your responsibility...and they aren’t obligated to pay it. If you want to be able to register for classes and actually attend college, this amount needs to be covered. If grants and scholarships don’t cover all your college costs, it’ll be up to you to decide how much student debt you're comfortable with to close that gap. In the next section, I'll talk more about how to use student loans to cover your college expenses. Using Student Loans to Pay for School The average U.S. college graduate has about$37,000 in student debt after graduation. If you’re paying for college without the help of your parents, you may end up with more than the average amount of student debt, especially if you are responsible for paying the â€Å"parental contribution.† Student loans aren’t inherently bad, and you’re not a failure if you graduate with student debt (most people graduate with some loan debt). If you’re smart about the types of loans you take out, your debt should be pretty manageable over the long run. "Good" Loans Most federal loans are â€Å"good." They have low-interest rates compared to private loans and come with a built-in grace period (a period after you graduate where you don’t have to make payments). The best types of loans are subsidized, which means they don't accrue interestwhile you’re not making payments, so you owe less in the long run. They also may be forgivable if you enter certain public service careers, so they end up functioning as a grant. "Bad" Loans Private loans usually have less favorable terms than federal loans. For example, they won't be subsidized, and they'll likely come with higher interest rates. Typically, private loans are the last resort in covering any remaining balance that you owe for school. Private loans may be difficult for you to get on your own. Most require a cosigner, another person to sign the loan who takes responsibility for the amount borrowed. If you take out a private loan, then you'll probably need a parent or another family member (with good credit) to cosign. No Loans If you want to try to avoid debt, check out our guide on paying for college without taking on student loans. Without financial help from family members, however, it might be unrealistic in certain situations to try to pay for college without loans. Itmay be possible, though, for students who qualify for a lot of need-based aid. Creative Ways toPay for College Without Parents These ideas may not be revolutionary, but they'll get you thinking outside the box. We have talked a lot so far about the challenges of paying for college on your own, in addition to theways you can minimize your costs. In this section, I'll go over some more creative ways to come up with funds for college after you've looked into the normal financial aid and loan options. Scholarships I've briefly touched on scholarships a bit earlier in this post as a way to come up with funds.There are two main types of scholarships: Need-based: Good options for high-achieving, low-income students Merit-based: Good options for high-achieving students regardless of income Now, scholarships are never a sure bet, but they can cover a good chunk of your expenses if you areproactive about submitting applications and you do your own research about local or targeted scholarships. To get started, check out our scholarship guides on the top awards for high school juniors and seniors. Student Jobs If you get a student job while you're in college, you can potentially put moneytowards your bills for tuition, room, and board. You could also use your incometo cover yourdaily personal expenses. This isn't a great option for everyone, however. If you'reworking so much that your schoolwork starts to suffer, it defeats the purpose of getting a student job. If you canbalance a student job with your academic responsibilities so that you have money to put towards your bills, working might be a good call. Read more about whether it's a good idea to get a job as a student. You know what's even better than getting a job during the semester? Getting a paid internship during winterbreak or summer vacation. In this case, you get professional experience anda chance to put money towards school. It's a win-win! High School Savings If you’re currently in high school and anticipate that you’ll be on your own for college, you might want to consider getting a job now. This isn’t right for everyone (for the reasons I listed above), but if you have the time and the initiative, it could help you build up a nest egg before you head off to college. To get started, read more about the best jobs for teens. Family Support Sometimes support can come from unexpected places. If you're reading this article, your parents probably won't be contributing much to your college expenses. Butdo you have grandparents, aunts, or uncles who may be willing to help you out with college costs? If you feel comfortable bringing this up with family members, it may be a good move to seek financial help from people other than your parents.If you feel uncomfortable asking for funds outright, consider asking to borrow money and then paying it back with student job or post-graduation earnings. You can also ask for funds for college costsfor holidays and birthdays. Example Scenarios You've learned a lot, but now you have to put all this information to the test. This stuff may be confusing to understand at first, so in this section I'll present some example scenarios to demonstrate the concepts we've discussed how to pay for college on your own. These are real-world scenarios, using real schools, to give you a realistic idea of howcollege expenses play out in different situations. Scenario#1: Student From a Low-Income Family As youalready know, students from low-income families may be eligible for quite a few need-based aid programs, especially if they're relatively high-achieving. Student A Information State Residency: California Family Size: 5 Family Income: $50,000/year Academic Status: Strong 3.5 GPA, 1800 combined SAT score Student ACollege Applications Student A wants to tackle her college expenses by cutting costs and seeking out as much funding as possible. She applies to several schools, including an in-state public school (UC Irvine) and an out-of-state private school (Davidson College). Here's what her expenses would look like at UC Irvine and Davidson, based on both schools' financial aid calculators (remember, she has to have her parents fill out a FAFSA in order to be eligible for federal loans): School UC Irvine Davidson Total Cost of Attendance $32,102 $62,894 Estimated Grant Eligibility $22,031 $58,794 Estimated Net Price (Cost of Attendance minus Grants) $10,071 $4,100 Estimated Federal Loan Eligibility $5,500 $4,100 Estimated Out-of-Pocket Costs (Net Price minus Federal Loan Eligibility) $4,571 $0 Based on her estimated out-of-pocket costs, she thinks that Davidson College will be the more financially prudent choice. Still, she wants to work to minimize her federal student loan amount ($4,100). Here are steps she can take to help cover expenses: Get a student job.Student A would prefer not to work during the semester because she plans on being involved in many extracurricular activities. She can still work during summer and winter breaks, though. If she works full time for 10 weeks, bringing home $/hr, she could make $4,400 her freshman year. Amount Earned: $4,400 Apply for outside scholarships.If Student A receives outside scholarship money in addition to earning her own income, she could potentiallybring in more money than she'd spend her freshman year. I bet you didn't think it was possible to make money going to college!She starts by checking out our guide to scholarships for high school seniors. No scholarship is a sure thing, but applying to as many scholarships as possible (even small ones) will increase her chances of earning some money. Let's say that Student A wins a relatively small, $500 scholarship Amount Earned:$500 Student A decides she's able to make Davidson work. Here's a quick breakdown of how she's able to cover her estimated out-of-pocket costs: Estimated Out-of-Pocket Costs $4,100 Federal Loans - $0 (she chooses not to take loans) Scholarship Winnings - $500 Student Job Earnings - $4,400 Remaining Balance + $800 Amazingly, Student A walks away with $800 extra dollars her freshman year, even though she doesn't receive any financial support from her family. The vast majority of her expenses arecovered with need-based financial aid. This wouldn't have happened, however, if she didn't get into a school with a great financial aid program.It goes to show that one of the best things you can do toensure college affordability isto come to your college apps with a strong academic record. Scenario #2: Student from a RelativelyHigh-Income Family Students from high-income families may not qualify for much need-based financial aid (even if they're paying for college on their own), but that doesn't mean they can't get funding from other sources, especially if they have solid grades and test scores. Student B Information State Residency: AZ FamilySize: 4 Family Income: $100,000/year Academic Status: About average 3.0 GPA, 1500 combined SAT score Student B College Applications Like Student A, Student B wants to minimize his costs because he knows he'll be responsible for all college expenses. Heapplies to several schools, including an in-state public school (Arizona State University) and an out-of-state private school (Lesley University). Here's what his expenses would look like atArizona State University and Lesley, based on both schools' financial aid calculators: School ASU Lesley Total Cost of Attendance $27,260 $43,600 Estimated Grants from School $3,000 $8,000 Estimated Net Price (Cost of Attendance minus Grants) $24,260 $35,600 Estimated Federal Loan Eligibility $5,500 $5,500 Estimated Out-of-Pocket Costs (Net Price minus Federal Loan Eligibility) $18,760 $28,700 Based on expected out-of-pocket costs, he thinks ASU will be the less expensive choice. Still, he doesn't think he can come up with $18,760 per year (on top of the $5,500 in annual federal loans) while he's a full-time student. Here are the steps he can take to reduce his costs: Live at home. If he attends an in-state public school, and the school's close enough to his parents' home, he could save a pretty good chunk of change. At ASU, the cost of room and board comes to $10,400. If Student B lives (and eats) at home rent-free, he could deduct that amount from his out-of-pocket costs. He might end uppaying for some or all of his meals, and he might incur extra travel expenses to get to and from school. This could decrease the amount he actually saves. Maximum Amount Saved: $10,400 Apply for outside scholarships.Student B receives a $3,000 grant from ASU, but he knows that applying for outside scholarships could help get him more funding. He starts by checking out our guide to scholarships for high school seniors. It's free to apply for most legitimate scholarships programs, so he wouldn't lose any money bysubmitting applications. Maximum Amount Saved:Indefinite Let's say Student B is able to live at home for free but doesn't win any scholarships. He saves $10,400 of his original estimated out-of-pocket cost, $18,760. He still has to come up with $8,360 to fund his freshman year. Here are the steps he can take to cover his remaining cost: Get a student job. If Student B works an average of 8 hours a week over the course of the year and brings home $10/hr, he could make $4,160 his freshman year. This is a pretty conservative estimate since he could work full-time over the summer or on breaks. Amount Earned: $4,160 Take out private loans. After subtracting his job earnings from his costs, Student B still has to come up with $4,200 to cover his expenses for his freshman year. He decides to take out this amount in private student loans. He knows he'll have to pay this back after he graduates. Amount Earned: $4,200 Student B decides he's able to make ASU work. Here's a quick breakdown of how he's able to cover his Estimated Out-of-Pocket costs: Estimated Out-of-Pocket Costs $24,260 Federal Loans - $5,500 Living at Home Savings - $10,400 Scholarship Winnings - $0 Student Job Earnings - $4,160 Private Student Loans - $4,200 Remaining Balance $0 Now that you've seen how these cost-cutting and money saving tips work in action, you can go ahead and apply these concepts to your own college and financial aid applications. The above scenarios won't apply to everybody, but the thought processes demonstrated above definitely do. What's Next? If you're eager for more information, there are a ton of things you can learn about to help prepare yourself for upcoming bills and expenses. You might start by brushing up on federal financial aid, and programs like the Pell Grant and Perkins loans are key. The FAFSA is an important part of the federal aid process. If you're looking for a broader overview of concepts, you could read our guide to applying for financial aid. While you're at it, check out a list of colleges with the best financial aid programs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: